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Tables of Contents for The Technician's Emi Handbook
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xi
Introduction to the EMI Problem
1
4
Electrical and Electromagnetic Fundamentals
5
18
What Is Electricity?
5
1
Positive and Negative Electricity
5
1
Electronic Model of the Atom
6
1
The Bohr Model of the Atom
7
1
Electron Shells
8
1
Electron Subshells and Electron Spin
9
1
Electron Valence and Free Electrons
9
1
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
10
1
The Unit of Electric Change
11
1
Electric Polarities
11
2
Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment
13
1
Electrical Potential
13
2
Electrical Current and Its Units
15
1
Electrical Current vs Electrical Charge
15
1
Types of Current Flow
15
1
Resistance to Electrical Current
16
1
Conductance
17
1
Current Flow Direction
17
1
Electrical Power
18
1
Electrical Sources
18
1
The Electromagnetic Field
19
2
Sources of Electromagnetic Interference
21
2
Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Interference
23
6
Fundamental Causes of EMI
23
1
The Antenna
24
1
Modes of Entry
24
1
Differential-Mode vs Common-Mode Signals
25
1
Equipment Design Considerations
26
1
Radio-Frequency Radiation
26
1
Near Fields and Far Fields
27
2
Grounding Methods for RF Systems
29
18
Schematic Symbols
29
1
Different Grounds
30
3
Grounding Systems
33
1
Ground Designs
34
3
Other Ground Electrodes
37
4
Installing Ground Rods
41
2
Tower Grounding
43
1
Vertical Antenna Counterpoise Grounds (``Radials'')
43
3
Conclusion
46
1
Shielding Electronic Circuits
47
18
Approaches to Shielding
49
1
Skin Effect and Skin Depth
50
1
Ground Planes
51
1
Shielded Boxes
52
1
Holes in Shields
53
2
Double Shielding
55
1
Multicompartment Shielding
55
1
Spray-On Shielding
55
1
Connectors, Meters, and Dials
55
2
Installing a Coaxial Connector
57
1
Guard Shielding
58
4
Grounding and Ground Loops
62
3
Filtering Electronic Circuits
65
16
Shielding
65
1
Basic Types of Filters
65
2
Filter Circuits
67
2
R-C EMI/RFI Protection
69
1
Feedthrough Capacitors
70
2
Notch Filtering
72
1
Twin-Tee Notch Filter Networks
73
1
Active Twin-Tee Notch Filters
74
2
Adjustable Bridged-Tee Circuits
76
1
Gyrator Circuits
77
1
General Guidelines
78
1
Conclusion
79
2
AC Power-Line and Electrical Device EMI
81
8
120/240 Volt Electrical System
82
1
Noise
83
1
Regulatory/Legal Issues
83
1
Corona and Spark
84
1
Safety
85
1
Locating EMI Sources
85
1
Filter Solution
85
1
Electric Motors
86
1
Common-Mode Filtering
86
3
Controlling Transmitter Spurious Emissions
89
14
Type of Transmitter
89
4
Operating the Transmitter
93
3
What to Do?
96
3
Be Wary!
99
1
Transmitter Test Setup
99
1
Third-Harmonic or Higher
100
1
VHF and Up Transmitters
101
2
Telephones and EMI
103
10
The Federal Communications Commission
103
1
The Telephone Company
103
1
The Radio Owner
104
1
The Telephone Manufacturer
104
1
The Telephone Owner
104
1
Technical Issues
104
1
Twisted Pair, Flat (Parallel), and Shielded Wiring
105
1
Common Mode vs Differential Mode
106
1
Resonances
106
1
Telephone Ground
106
1
Corrosion
106
1
Substandard Wiring
106
1
Telephone Classification
107
1
Telephone Registration Numbers
107
1
Capacitors
107
1
Common-Mode RF Chokes
107
1
Filtering
108
5
Noise Cancellation Bridges
113
8
A Single Bridge Circuit
116
3
A Different Bridge
119
1
Conclusion
119
2
Locating EMI Sources
121
14
RF Sleuthing Tools
121
4
RF Detectors
125
1
Radio Direction Finding
126
4
Field Improvisation
130
1
Regular Loop Antennas
130
1
Sense Antenna Circuit
131
1
Switched Pattern RDF Antennas
132
3
EMI to Television, Cable TV, and VCR Equipment
135
10
The Basic Television Receiver
135
2
Fundamental Overload
137
1
Harmonic Overload
137
1
Audio Rectification
137
1
IMD Interference
137
1
IF Interference
138
1
Direct Pickup
138
1
Common-Mode vs Differential-Mode Signals
138
1
Common-Mode Filters
138
1
Filtering
139
1
Stubs for EMI Elimination
140
1
Faraday Shielded Coaxial Cable
140
1
Cable Television Systems
141
1
Two-Way CATV
142
1
Channelization
142
1
Leakage
142
1
Responsibility
142
1
Finding Leaks
142
1
What to Do When the Interference Is at the Subscriber End
143
1
What to Do When the Customer Is at Fault
143
1
VCRs
143
2
EMI to Consumer Electronics
145
6
Roles and Responsibilities
145
1
The Source of the Problem
146
1
Typical Audio System
146
1
Pathways for Trouble
147
1
Troubleshooting
147
1
Cures
148
1
Shielding
149
1
Grounding
149
2
EMI from Computers
151
6
The Law
151
1
The Problems with Computers
151
2
Cabinetry
153
1
Troubleshooting Computer EMI
154
1
The Role of Ferrite Chokes
154
1
Ground Loops
155
1
EMI to Computers
155
2
Mystery EMI: Rusty Downspouts and All That
157
6
Moodie and the Crown Vickie
157
1
The High Hum Level--FM Broadcasting Station
158
1
The Slack Coax Caper
158
1
Lesson Learned: Don't Complain Too Loudly
159
2
Rusty Downspouts
161
2
Radio Receiver Basics
163
34
Signals, Noise, and Reception
163
1
Thermal Noise
164
1
The Reception Problem
165
1
Strategies
165
1
Radio Receiver Specifications
166
1
Origins
166
2
Superheterodyne Receiver
168
4
Receiver Performance Factors
172
1
Units of Measure
172
1
Noise
173
3
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR or Sn)
176
1
Noise Factor, Noise Figure, and Noise Temperature
176
1
Noise in Cascade Amplifiers
177
1
Receiver Noise Floor
178
1
Static Measures of Receiver Performance
178
1
Sensitivity
178
4
Selectivity
182
4
Stability
186
1
AGC Range and Threshold
186
1
Dynamic Performance
187
1
Intermodulation Products
187
1
1 dB Compression Point
188
1
Third-Order Intercept Point
189
2
Dynamic Range
191
1
Blocking
192
1
Cross-Modulation
192
2
Reciprocal Mixing
194
1
IF Notch Rejection
194
1
Internal Spurii
195
2
Dealing with Radio Receiver System EMI
197
12
Intermod Hill: A Tale of Woe
198
1
The Problem
199
3
The Attenuator Solution
202
1
The Antenna Solution
202
1
The Filter Solution
203
4
Transmission Line Stubs
207
1
Shielding
207
1
Expected Results
208
1
Difficult Cases
208
1
The Solutions
208
1
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
209
6
ESD Effects
211
1
Identification by Class
211
1
ESD Control Procedures
212
1
Work Areas
212
1
Protective Flooring
212
1
Workbenches
212
1
Equipment
213
1
Clothing
213
1
ESD-Protective Materials
213
2
Regulatory Issues
215
4
Anechoic Chambers and OATS
216
2
Screened Rooms
218
1
Appendix A--Automotive Interference Solutions
219
16
ARRL Technical Information Service Information on Automobile-Radio Interference (Both Ways)
219
1
Automobile-Radio Interference (Both Ways)
219
1
Automotive Interference Problems: What the Manufacturers Say
219
2
Wheels Start to Turn
221
1
ARRL Surveys Auto Manufacturers
221
2
What the Manufacturers Say
223
7
By Ed Hare, W1RFI, ARRL Laboratory Supervisor
230
5
Appendix B-FDA Documents on EMI
235
14
CDRH Medical Device Electromagnetic Compatibility Program
235
1
Typical Electromagnetic Environment for Medical Devices
235
1
CDRH Medical Device Electromagnetic Compatibility Program
235
1
Medical Devices and EMI: The FDA Perspective
235
1
The EMI Problem
236
1
The Complexity of Device EMI
236
1
FDA Concern with EMI
237
1
Formation of the CDRH EMC Working Group
237
1
Plans for Device EMC
238
1
Research and Standards
239
1
Work with Other Agencies
239
1
Some Accomplishments to Date
240
1
Summary
241
1
References
241
2
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Testing of Medical Devices
243
3
New Documents Available to Help Resolve Medical Device EMC Problems
246
3
Index
249