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Tables of Contents for UMTS Network Planning and Development
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Figures
xv
List of Tables
xix
Author Profiles
xxi
Acknowledgements
xxiii
Preface
xxv
1 Introduction
1
12
1.1 General Mobile Telecoms
1
1
1.1.1 Mobile Telecoms Today
1
1
1.1.2 Development to 2G Status
2
1
1.2 Transition from 2G to 2.5G to 3G
2
1
1.3 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System
3
7
1.3.1 Early Developments
4
2
1.3.2 Universal System Agreements
6
1
1.3.3 System Capability
6
1
1.3.4 3G Development Process
7
3
1.4 3G Network Planning
10
3
1.4.1 3G Roll-out Strategy
10
1
1.4.2 The Coverage, Capacity, and Quality Model
11
2
Part 1 NETWORK PLANNING AND 3G FOUNDATIONS
13
28
Introduction
13
27
2 Wideband CDMA Network Planning
15
26
2.1 Radio Network Planning Process
16
1
2.1.1 Capacity
17
1
2.1.1.1 Capacity Boosting Techniques
18
1
2.1.1.2 Soft Capacity
19
1
2.1.2 Coverage
19
1
2.1.2.1 Target Coverage
20
1
2.1.2.2 Sectorization and Adaptive Beam Forming
21
1
2.1.3 Quality of Service
21
1
2.1.3.1 Planning with Regard to Quality of Service
22
1
2.2 Developing Procedures for Planning and Maximizing Capacity and Coverage
22
1
2.2.1 Preparation
23
1
2.2.2 Number of Users
24
1
2.2.3 Management of the Network Plan
24
1
2.3 Development of the Network Design Plan
25
1
2.3.1 Traffic - Analysis
26
1
2.3.1.1 Traffic Intensity
26
1
2.3.1.2 Sample Usage and Service Offerings
27
1
2.3.2 Cell Coverage Estimation
28
1
2.3.2.1 Link Budget
29
1
2.3.2.2 Soft Handover Gain
30
1
2.3.2.3 Coverage Limited
30
1
2.3.2.4 Capacity Limited
30
1
2.3.2.5 Load Factor
31
1
2.3.3 Cell Count Estimation Model
32
1
2.3.4 Area Coverage Probability
32
1
2.3.4.1 Area Coverage Probability - Outage
33
1
2.3.4.2 Cell Edge Coverage Probability
34
1
2.3.5 Blocking
35
1
2.3.5.1 The Poisson Distribution
35
1
2.3.6 Simulation Analysis of Network Design Plan
36
2
2.4 Optimization
38
2
Summary for Part I
40
1
Part II CAPACITY AND NETWORK PLANNING
41
50
Introduction
41
48
3 Detailed Network Planning
43
24
3.1 Control Channel Power Planning and Its Effects on Coverage and Capacity
44
1
3.2 Capacity and Soft Handover Parameter Planning
45
1
3.2.1 Soft Capacity Calculations
46
1
3.2.2 Soft Capacity Assumptions
47
1
3.2.3 Soft Capacity as a Function of Bit Rate
48
1
3.2.4 Soft Capacity and Radio Resource Management
49
1
3.3 Capacity Enhancements with Inter-frequency Handover Planning
49
1
3.3.1 Microcells and Macrocells on Different Frequencies
50
1
3.3.2 Microcells and Macrocells on the Same Frequency
51
2
3.4 Changes in Capacity and Quality of Service with Non-uniform Traffic
53
1
3.5 Coverage Changes with Adaptive Control of Cell Radius
54
1
3.6 Pilot Power and Pilot Pollution
54
2
3.7 Soft Handover Planning in Terms of Capacity and Coverage
56
1
3.8 Hierarchical Cell Structures
57
1
3.9 Code Requirements and Their Effects on Capacity
58
1
3.9.1 Static and Dynamic Codes
60
1
3.9.2 Pseudo-noise Sequences
60
1
3.9.3 Orthogonal Codes
61
1
3.9.3.1 Walsh Codes
62
1
3.10 Code Planning
63
1
3.11 Characterization of the Radio Frequency Environment
64
1
3.12 Radio Network Testing
65
2
4 Network Dimensioning
67
24
4.1 Dimensioning
68
1
4.1.1 Traffic Modelling and Services
68
1
4.1.2 Channel Element Planning
68
1
4.1.2.1 Channel Element Example
70
2
4.2 Transmission Capacity
72
3
4.3 Multi-user Detection
75
1
4.3.1 Range Extension with Multi-user Detection in Loaded Networks
77
1
4.4 Spectrum Efficiency Comparison - Uplink and Downlink
78
1
4.5 Uplink and Downlink Load Factors
79
1
4.5.1 Uplink Load Factors
79
1
4.5.1.1 Uplink Noise Rise
80
1
4.5.2 Downlink Load Factor
81
1
4.5.3 Soft Handover
83
1
4.6 Uplink and Downlink Capacity
83
1
4.6.1 Uplink Capacity
83
1
4.6.2 Downlink Capacity
84
2
4.7 Capacity Improvements
86
1
4.7.1 Additional Frequencies
86
1
4.7.2 Sectorization
87
1
4.7.3 Transmitting Diversity
87
1
4.7.4 Lower Bit Rate Codes
87
2
Summary for Part II
89
2
Part III COVERAGE AND NETWORK PLANNING
91
62
Introduction
91
61
5 3G Co-planning and co-existence
93
26
5.1 Co-existing with 2G
93
2
5.2 3G Co-planning with 2G Networks
95
1
5.2.1 Co-planning Parameters
97
1
5.3 Intermodulation
97
1
5.3.1 Intermodulation Products
98
1
5.3.2 Intermodulation and 2G/3G Site Share
99
2
5.4 Isolation Requirements
101
1
5.5 External Operator Interference
101
1
5.5.1 Example of External Operator Interference
102
1
5.5.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
103
1
5.5.3 Adjacent Channel Attenuation
105
1
5.5.4 An Adjacent Channel Interference Scenario
107
1
5.6 Uplink Simulations
108
1
5.6.1 Planning Adjacent Channel Interference
111
1
5.7 UMTS Radio Carriers
112
1
5.7.1 Carrier to Interference Ratio
113
1
5.7.2 Guard Bands and Zones
114
1
5.7.3 Frequency Sharing
115
1
5.8 Inter-system Handovers (Slotted Mode)
116
1
5.8.1 Dual Mode
116
1
5.8.2 Slotted Mode
117
2
6 Influence of Link Budgets on 3G Coverage
119
34
6.1 Introduction
119
1
6.2 Link Budgets and Loads
120
1
6.2.1 Interference Margin
120
1
6.2.2 Fast Fading
120
1
6.2.3 Soft Handover Gain
121
1
6.2.4 Energy per Bit per Noise Spectral Density
121
1
6.2.4.1 Processing Gain
122
1
6.2.4.2 Eb/No Requirements as a Function of Load
123
1
6.2.5 Uplink Budget
124
1
6.2.6 Downlink Budget
124
1
6.2.7 Propagation Model
126
1
6.2.8 Sample Budget Calculation
127
1
6.2.9 Link Budget Examples
127
1
6.2.9.1 Link Budget Example - 12.2 kbps
128
1
6.2.9.2 Link Budget Example - 144 kbps
132
1
6.2.9.3 Link Budget Example - 384 kbps
133
1
6.3 Coverage Versus Capacity in Relation to Link Budgets
133
3
6.4 Transmit Diversity
136
1
6.4.1 Downlink Transmit Diversity
137
1
6.4.2 Uplink and Downlink Transmit Diversity
138
1
6.4.3 Capacity and Coverage Gains with Transmit Diversity
139
2
6.5 Range Calculation Parameters
141
1
6.5.1 Cell Load and Range
144
1
6.5.1.1 Reduction in Cell Range
144
1
6.5.2 Effects on Cell Coverage due to Parameter Modifications
145
1
6.5.3 Typical Coverage in 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System
146
1
6.6 Coverage Versus Different Bit Rates
147
1
6.6.1 Overheads for Different Bit Rates
148
2
6.7 Coverage Improvements
150
1
6.8 Summary
151
1
Summary for Part III
152
1
Part IV QUALITY AND NETWORK PLANNING
153
38
Introduction
153
36
7 Quality of Service
155
8
7.1 Quality of Service
155
2
7.2 Service Capabilities
157
1
7.3 Quality-of-Service Traffic Classes
158
1
7.3.1 Conversational Class (Optimum Real-Time Quality of Service)
158
1
7.3.2 Streaming Class
159
1
7.3.3 Interactive Class
159
1
7.3.4 Background Class
159
1
7.4 Quality-of-Service Mechanisms
160
3
8 Radio Resource Management
163
28
8.1 Introduction
163
1
8.2 Admission Control
164
1
8.2.1 Admission Control Strategy
166
1
8.2.2 Levels of Admission Control
167
1
8.3 Load Control (Congestion Control)
167
1
8.3.1 Load Control Actions
167
2
8.4 Packet Scheduler and Load Control
169
1
8.5 Interference Margin
170
1
8.6 Power Control
171
1
8.6.1 Power Control Mechanisms
172
1
8.6.1.1 Open Loop
173
1
8.6.1.2 Closed Loop
174
1
8.6.1.3 Outer Loop and Inner Loop
174
1
8.6.1.4 Outer Loop
175
1
8.6.2 Fast Power Control
176
1
8.6.3 Improved Quality with the Power Control Signalling
178
1
8.6.4 Uplink Fast Power Control - Intercell Interference
179
1
8.7 Handover Mechanism
180
1
8.7.1 Handover Decision and Parameters
181
1
8.7.2 Soft Handover Algorithm
183
1
8.7.3 Handover Measurements
184
2
8.8 Multi-path Components
186
1
8.8.1 Macro diversity
186
1
8.8.2 Micro diversity
187
2
Summary for Part IV
189
2
Part V OPTIMIZATION AND NETWORK PLANNING
191
66
Introduction
191
16
9 Radio Environments and Microcell Planning
193
14
9.1 Microcell Planning
193
1
9.1.1 Corner Effect
195
1
9.1.2 Pathloss Attenuation
196
1
9.1.3 Soft Handover Design in Microcell Environments
198
3
9.2 Radio Environments
201
1
9.2.1 Indoor/Office Environment Planning
201
1
9.2.2 Outdoor to Indoor Pedestrian Environment
203
1
9.2.2.1 Manhattan Example
203
1
9.2.3 Vehicular Radio Environment
204
3
10 3G Planning Methodologies and Tools
207
14
10.1 Planning Methodologies
207
1
10.2 Planning Methodology Comparisons
208
1
10.3 3G Planning Too1 Utilization
209
1
10.4 Planning Using Monte Carlo Simulations
210
2
10.4.1 Monte Carlo Input Parameters
212
1
10.4.2 Monte Carlo Iterations
213
2
10.4.3 Monte Carlo Results Analysis
215
1
10.4.4 Propagation Models
215
1
10.4.4.1 Empirical Model
216
1
10.4.4.2 Deterministic Models (Ray Tracing)
216
2
10.4.4.3 Street Canyon Model
218
1
10.5 Mapping Data Requirements
218
1
10.6 Carrier Wave Measurements
219
2
11 Nominal Planning and Site Selection
221
16
11.1 Nominal Planning
221
1
11.1.1 Initial Network Dimensioning
221
2
11.1.2 Spreadsheet Dimensioning
223
2
11.1.3 Creation of a Nominal Plan
225
1
11.1.4 Defining Search Areas
226
1
11.1.5 Site Options
227
1
11.2 Perform Site Selection
228
1
11.2.1 Radio Requirements
228
1
11.2.2 Transmission Requirements
228
1
11.2.3 Access Requirements
229
1
11.2.4 Power and Planning Requirements
230
1
11.3 Effective and Ineffective 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Sites
231
1
11.4 Suggested Antenna Heights
231
1
11.4.1 Dense Urban Sites
232
1
11.4.2 Light Urban and Dense Suburban Sites
233
1
11.4.3 Light Suburban Sites
233
1
11.4.4 Rural and Highway Sites
233
1
11.5 Traffic Calculation
233
1
11.5.1 Traffic Evaluation
234
3
12 Optimization through Detailed Site and Antenna Configuration
237
20
12.1 Introduction
237
1
12.1.1 Basics of Site and Antenna Configuration
237
1
12.1.2 Basics of Optimization and Configuration
238
1
12.2 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Antenna Arrangements
238
1
12.2.1 Transmit Diversity
239
1
12.2.2 Receive and Transmit Diversity
240
1
12.2.3 Other Antenna Arrangements
241
1
12.2.3.1 Dual System Antennas
242
1
12.3 Ancillary Equipment
243
1
12.3.1 Tower-Mounted Amplifiers
243
2
12.4 Antenna and Site Configurations
245
1
12.4.1 Three- and Six-Sector Configuration
246
1
12.4.2 Omni-transmit and Omni-receive
246
1
12.5 Site Optimization
247
1
12.5.1 Uplink Coverage Gain
248
1
12.5.2 Downlink Coverage Gain
249
1
12.5.3 Isolation Requirements
249
2
12.5.3.1 Co-siting Antennas
251
1
12.5.4 Antenna Tilts
252
1
12.5.5 Mounting of Antennas
253
3
12.6 Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service Versus Optimization Summary
256
1
Part VI UMTS (3G) DEVELOPMENT
257
22
13 UMTS (3G) Development and Future Technologies
259
8
13.1 Main Components of 3G Universal Mobile Telephony System Services
259
2
13.2 Universal Mobile Telephony System (3G) Business Case
261
3
13.3 Implementation Aspects
264
3
14 Wireless Technologies of the Future
267
12
14.1 The Move towards 4G
267
1
14.2 Stable 2G and 3G Networks
267
1
14.3 Market Developments and Demands
268
1
14.4 4G
269
1
14.5 The Move from 3G to 4G
270
1
14.6 Technology Required for 4G
271
2
14.6.1 Wireless Technologies
273
1
14.6.1.1 Wireless Local Area Networks
273
2
14.6.1.2 Mobile Broadband Systems
275
1
14.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
275
2
14.8 Future Vision of Communications
277
2
References and Bibliography
279
8
Glossary
287
12
Index
299