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Tables of Contents for Operational Amplifiers
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
ix
Acknowledgements
x
Fundamentals
Introduction
1
1
The ideal op-amp
2
1
Feedback and the ideal op-amp
2
2
More examples of the ideal op-amp at work
4
4
Op-amp packages
8
3
Exercises
9
2
Real op-amp performance parameters
Op-amp input and output limitations
11
2
Limitations in gain, and input and output impedance
13
6
Real op-amp frequency response characteristics
19
3
Small-signal closed-loop frequency response
22
3
Closed-loop stability considerations
25
3
Frequency compensation (phase compensation)
28
9
Transient response characteristics
37
7
Full power response
44
1
Offsets, bias current and drift
45
4
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
49
1
Noise in op-amp circuits
50
14
Exercises
59
5
Analogue integrated circuit technology
Voltage feedback op-amps
64
5
Comparison of voltage feedback op-amps
69
4
Current feedback op-amps
73
9
Exercises
81
1
Applications: linear circuits
Introduction
82
1
Voltage scaling and buffer circuits
83
4
Voltage summation
87
1
Differential input amplifier configurations (voltage subtractor)
88
5
Current scaling
93
6
Voltage-to-current conversion
99
4
Voltage regulators
103
3
AC amplifiers
106
3
Exercises
107
2
Logarithmic amplifiers and related circuits
Amplifiers with defined non-linearity
109
1
Synthesized non-linear response
110
3
Logarithmic conversion with an inherently logarithmic device
113
8
Logarithmic amplifiers: practical design considerations
121
10
Some practical log and antilog circuit configurations
131
8
Log--antilog circuits for computation
139
2
A variable transconductance four quadrant multiplier
141
5
Exercises
144
2
Integrators and differentiators
The basic integrator
146
1
Integrator run, set and hold modes
147
1
Integrator errors
148
7
Extensions to a basic integrator
155
5
Integrator reset
160
2
AC integrators
162
1
Differentiators
163
2
Practical considerations in differentiator design
165
3
Modifications to the basic differentiator
168
3
Exercises
168
3
Comparator, monostable and oscillator circuits
Comparators
171
4
Multivibrators
175
8
Sine wave oscillators
183
4
Waveform generators
187
5
The 555 timer
192
3
The 8038 waveform generator
195
4
Exercises
198
1
Sensor interface, analogue processing and digital conversion
Sensor interface circuits
199
6
Hot wire anemometer with constant temperature operation
205
1
Temperature measurement using a thermocouple
206
1
Light sensitive switching
207
1
Sensing analogue light levels
208
1
Interfacing linear Hall effect transducers (LHETs)
208
1
Precise diode circuits
209
2
Full-wave rectifier circuits
211
2
Peak detectors
213
2
Sample and hold circuits
215
3
Voltage-to-frequency conversion
218
1
Frequency-to-voltage conversion
218
2
Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
220
3
Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC)
223
7
Exercises
228
2
Active filters
Introduction
230
1
Passive filters
230
7
Active filters
237
4
Active filters using operational amplifiers (op-amps)
241
1
Choosing the frequency response of the low-pass filter
241
5
Choosing the frequency response of the high-pass filter
246
2
Band-pass filters using the state variable technique
248
3
Band reject filter (notch filter)
251
1
Phase shifting circuit (all-pass filter)
252
1
Filter design
253
14
Exercises
265
2
Practical considerations
Op-amp selection and design specification
267
1
Selection processes
268
2
Attention to external circuit details
270
1
Avoiding unwanted signals
271
4
Ensure closed-loop stability
275
2
Offset nulling techniques
277
3
Importance of external passive components
280
2
Avoiding fault conditions
282
2
Modifying an op-amp's output capability
284
5
Speeding up a low drift op-amp
289
2
Single power supply operation for op-amps
291
2
Voltage regulator circuits
293
7
Exercises
298
2
Answers to exercises
300
4
Appendix A1 Operational amplifier applications and circuit ideas
304
12
Appendix A2 Gain peaking/damping factor/phase margin
316
4
Appendix A2.1 Damping factor and phase margin
317
3
Appendix A3 Effect of resistor tolerance on CMRR of one amplifier differential circuit
320
3
Appendix A3.1 CMRR of one amplifier differential circuit due to non-infinite CMRR of operational amplifier
321
1
Appendix A3.2 Overall CMRR due to resistor mismatch and non-infinite CMRR of operational amplifier
322
1
Appendix A4 Instrumentation transducers
323
10
A4.1 Introduction
323
1
A4.2 Resistance strain gauges
323
2
A4.3 Platinum resistance temperature detectors
325
2
A4.4 Thermistors
327
1
A4.5 Pressure transducers
327
1
A4.6 Thermocouples
328
1
A4.7 Linear variable differential transformers (LVDT)
329
1
A4.8 Capacitive transducers
329
1
A4.9 Tachometers
329
1
A4.10 Electromagnetic flowmeters
330
1
A4.11 Hall effect transducers
330
1
A4.12 Opto transducers
331
2
Appendix A5 Integrated circuit datasheets
333
49
Bibliography
382
1
Index
383