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Tables of Contents for Chemistry of the Elements
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface to the second edition
xix
2
Preface to the first edition
xxi
Chapter 1 Origin of the Elements. Isotopes and Atomic Weights
1
19
1.1 Introduction
1
1
1.2 Origin of the Universe
1
2
1.3 Abundances of the Elements in the Universe
3
2
1.4 Stellar Evolution and the Spectral Classes of Stars
5
4
1.5 Synthesis of the Elements
9
6
1.5.1 Hydrogen burning
9
1
1.5.2 Helium burning and carbon burning
10
1
1.5.3 The XXX-process
11
1
1.5.4 The e-process (equilibrium process)
12
1
1.5.5 The s- and r-processes (slow and rapid neutron absorption)
12
1
1.5.6 The p-process (proton capture)
13
1
1.5.7 The x-process
13
2
1.6 Atomic Weights
15
5
1.6.1 Uncertainty in atomic weights
16
2
1.6.2 The problem of radioactive elements
18
2
Chapter 2 Chemical Periodicity and the Periodic Table
20
12
2.1 Introduction
20
1
2.2 The Electronic Structure of Atoms
21
2
2.3 Periodic Trends in Properties
23
6
2.3.1 Trends in atomic and physical properties
23
4
2.3.2 Trends in chemical properties
27
2
2.4 Prediction of New Elements and Compounds
29
3
Chapter 3 Hydrogen
32
36
3.1 Introduction
32
2
3.2 Atomic and Physical Properties of Hydrogen
34
4
3.2.1 Isotopes of hydrogen
34
1
3.2.2 Ortho- and para-hydrogen
35
1
3.2.3 Ionized forms of hydrogen
36
2
3.3 Preparation, Production and Uses
38
5
3.3.1 Hydrogen
38
1
3.3.2 Deuterium
39
2
3.3.3 Tritium
41
2
3.4 Chemical Properties and Trends
43
5
3.4.1 The coordination chemistry of hydrogen
44
4
3.5 Protonic Acids and Bases
48
4
3.6 The Hydrogen Bond
52
12
3.6.1 Influence on properties
53
6
3.6.2 Influence on structure
59
2
3.6.3 Strength of hydrogen bonds and theoretical description
61
3
3.7 Hydrides of the Elements
64
4
Chapter 4 Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium and Francium
68
39
4.1 Introduction
68
1
4.2 The Elements
68
11
4.2.1 Discovery and isolation
68
1
4.2.2 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
69
2
4.2.3 Production and uses of the metals
71
3
4.2.4 Properties of the alkali metals
74
2
4.2.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
76
1
4.2.6 Solutions in liquid ammonia and other solvents
77
2
4.3 Compounds
79
28
4.3.1 Introduction: the ionic-bond model
79
3
4.3.2 Halides and hydrides
82
2
4.3.3 Oxides, peroxides, superoxides and suboxides
84
2
4.3.4 Hydroxides
86
1
4.3.5 Oxoacid salts and other compounds
87
3
4.3.6 Coordination chemistry
90
9
4.3.7 Imides, amides and related compounds
99
3
4.3.8 Organometallic compounds
102
5
Chapter 5 Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium and Radium
107
32
5.1 Introduction
107
1
5.2 The Elements
108
5
5.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
108
2
5.2.2 Production and uses of the metals
110
1
5.2.3 Properties of the elements
111
1
5.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
112
1
5.3 Compounds
113
26
5.3.1 Introduction
113
2
5.3.2 Hydrides and halides
115
4
5.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
119
3
5.3.4 Oxoacid salts and coordination complexes
122
5
5.3.5 Organometallic compounds
127
12
Beryllium
127
4
Magnesium
131
5
Calcium, Strontium and Barium
136
3
Chapter 6 Boron
139
77
6.1 Introduction
139
1
6.2 Boron
140
5
6.2.1 Isolation and purification of the element
140
1
6.2.2 Structure of crystalline boron
141
3
6.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of boron
144
1
6.2.4 Chemical properties
144
1
6.3 Borides
145
6
6.3.1 Introduction
145
1
6.3.2 Preparation and stoichiometry
146
1
6.3.3 Structures of borides
147
4
6.4 Boranes (Boron Hydrides)
151
30
6.4.1 Introduction
151
6
6.4.2 Bonding and topology
157
5
6.4.3 Preparation and properties of boranes
162
2
6.4.4 The chemistry of small boranes and their anions (B(1) - B(4))
164
6
6.4.5 Intermediate-sized boranes and their anions (B(5) - B(9))
170
3
6.4.6 Chemistry of nido-decaborane. B(10)H(14)
173
5
6.4.7 Chemistry of closo-B(n)H(n)(2-)
178
3
6.5 Carboranes
181
8
6.6 Metallocarboranes
189
6
6.7 Boron Halides
195
8
6.7.1 Boron trihalides
195
5
6.7.2 Lower halides of boron
200
3
6.8 Boron-Oxygen Compounds
203
4
6.8.1 Boron oxides and oxoacids
203
2
6.8.2 Borates
205
2
6.8.3 Organic compounds containing boron - oxygen bonds
207
1
6.9 Boron - Nitrogen Compounds
207
4
6.10 Other Compounds of Boron
211
5
6.10.1 Compounds with bonds to P. As or Sb
211
2
6.10.2 Compounds with bonds to S. Se and Te
213
3
Chapter 7 Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium
216
52
7.1 Introduction
216
1
7.2 The Elements
217
10
7.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
217
2
7.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
219
3
7.2.3 Properties of the elements
222
2
7.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
224
3
7.3 Compounds
227
41
7.3.1 Hydrides and related complexes
227
6
7.3.2 Halides and halide complexes
233
9
Aluminium trihalides
233
4
Trihalides of gallium, indium and thallium
237
3
Lower halides of gallium, indium and thallium
240
2
7.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
242
5
7.3.4 Ternary and more complex oxide phases
247
5
Spinels and related compounds
247
2
Sodium-XXX-alumina and related phases
249
2
Tricalcium aluminate, Ca(3)Al(2)O(6)
251
1
7.3.5 Other inorganic compounds
252
5
Chalcogenides
252
3
Compounds with bonds to N, P, As, Sb or Bi
255
1
Some unusual stereochemistries
256
1
7.3.6 Organometallic compounds
257
11
Organoaluminium compounds
258
4
Organometallic compounds of Ga, In and Tl
262
3
Al-N heterocycles and clusters
265
3
Chapter 8 Carbon
268
60
8.1 Introduction
268
1
8.2 Carbon
269
24
8.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
269
5
8.2.2 Allotropic forms
274
2
8.2.3 Atomic and physical properties
276
2
8.2.4 Fullerenes
278
11
Structure of the fullerenes
280
2
Other molecular allotropes of carbon
282
1
Chemistry of the fullerenes
282
3
Reduction of fullerenes to fullerides
285
1
Addition reactions
286
1
Heteroatom fullerene-type clusters
287
1
Encapsulation of metal atoms by fullerene clusters
288
1
8.2.5 Chemical properties of carbon
289
4
8.3 Graphite Intercalation Compounds
293
3
8.4 Carbides
296
5
Metallocarbohedrenes (met-cars)
300
1
8.5 Hydrides, Halides and Oxohalides
301
4
8.6 Oxides and Carbonates
305
8
8.7 Chalcogenides and Related Compounds
313
6
8.8 Cyanides and Other Carbon - Nitrogen Compounds
319
7
8.9 Organometallic Compounds
326
2
Chapter 9 Silicon
328
39
9.1 Introduction
328
1
9.2 Silicon
329
6
9.2.1 Occurrence and distribution
329
1
9.2.2 Isolation, production and industrial uses
330
1
9.2.3 Atomic and physical properties
330
1
9.2.4 Chemical properties
331
4
9.3 Compounds
335
32
9.3.1 Silicides
335
2
9.3.2 Silicon hydrides (silanes)
337
3
9.3.3 Silicon halides and related complexes
340
2
9.3.4 Silica and silicic acids
342
5
9.3.5 Silicate minerals
347
12
Silicates with discrete units
347
2
Silicates with chain or ribbon structures
349
1
Silicates with layer structures
349
5
Silicates with framework structures
354
5
9.3.6 Other inorganic compounds of silicon
359
2
9.3.7 Organosilicon compounds and silicones
361
6
Chapter 10 Germanium, Tin and Lead
367
39
10.1 Introduction
367
1
10.2 The Elements
368
6
10.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
368
1
10.2.2 Production and uses of the elements
369
2
10.2.3 Properties of the elements
371
2
10.2.4 Chemical reactivity and group trends
373
1
10.3 Compounds
374
32
10.3.1 Hydrides and hydrohalides
374
1
10.3.2 Halides and related complexes
375
7
Germanium halides
376
1
Tin halides
377
4
Lead halides
381
1
10.3.3 Oxides and hydroxides
382
5
10.3.4 Derivatives of oxoacids
387
2
10.3.5 Other inorganic compounds
389
2
10.3.6 Metal-metal bonds and clusters
391
5
10.3.7 Organometallic compounds
396
10
Germanium
396
3
Tin
399
5
Lead
404
2
Chapter 11 Nitrogen
406
67
11.1 Introduction
406
1
11.2 The Element
407
9
11.2.1 Abundance and distribution
407
2
11.2.2 Production and uses of nitrogen
409
2
11.2.3 Atomic and physical properties
411
1
11.2.4 Chemical reactivity
412
4
11.3 Compounds
416
57
11.3.1 Nitrides, azides and nitrido complexes
417
3
11.3.2 Ammonia and ammonium salts
420
6
Liquid ammonia as a solvent
424
2
11.3.3 Other hydrides of nitrogen
426
8
Hydrazine
427
4
Hydroxylamine
431
1
Hydrogen azide
432
2
11.3.4 Thermodynamic relations between N-containing species
434
4
11.3.5 Nitrogen halides and related compounds
438
5
11.3.6 Oxides of nitrogen
443
16
Nitrous oxide, N(2)O
443
2
Nitric oxide, NO
445
9
Dinitrogen trioxide, N(2)O(3)
454
1
Nitrogen dioxide, NO(2), and dinitrogen tetroxide, N(2)O(4)
455
3
Dinitrogen pentoxide, N(2)O(5), and nitrogen trioxide, NO(3)
458
1
11.3.7 Oxoacids, oxoanions and oxoacid salts of nitrogen
459
14
Hyponitrous acid and hyponitrites
459
2
Nitrous acid and nitrites
461
4
Nitric acid and nitrates
465
6
Orthonitrates, M(1)(3)NO(4)
471
2
Chapter 12 Phosphorus
473
74
12.1 Introduction
473
2
12.2 The Element
475
14
12.2.1 Abundance and distribution
475
4
12.2.2 Production and uses of elemental phosphorus
479
1
12.2.3 Allotropes of phosphorus
479
3
12.2.4 Atomic and physical properties
482
1
12.2.5 Chemical reactivity and stereochemistry
483
6
12.3 Compounds
489
58
12.3.1 Phosphides
489
3
12.3.2 Phosphine and related compounds
492
3
12.3.3 Phosphorus halides
495
6
Phosphorus trihalides
495
2
Diphosphorus tetrahalides and other lower halides of phosphorus
497
1
Phosphorus pentahalides
498
3
Pseudohalides of phosphorus(III)
501
1
12.3.4 Oxohalides and thiohalides of phosphorus
501
2
12.3.5 Phosphorus oxides, sulfides, selenides and related compounds
503
7
Oxides
503
3
Sulfides
506
4
Oxosulfides
510
1
12.3.6 Oxoacids of phosphorus and their salts
510
21
Hypophosphorous acid and hypophosphites [H(2)PO(OH) and H(2)PO(2)(-)]
513
1
Phosphorous acid and phosphites [HPO(OH)(2) and HPO(3)(2-)]
514
1
Hypophosphoric acid (H(4)P(2)O(6)) and hypophosphates
515
1
Other lower oxoacids of phosphorus
516
1
The phosphoric acids
516
7
Orthophosphates
523
3
Chain polyphosphates
526
3
Cyclo-polyphosphoric acids and cyclo-polyphosphates
529
2
12.3.7 Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds
531
11
Cyclophosphazanes
533
1
Phosphazenes
534
2
Polyphosphazenes
536
6
Applications
542
1
12.3.8 Organophosphorus compounds
542
5
Chapter 13 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
547
53
13.1 Introduction
547
1
13.2 The Elements
548
6
13.2.1 Abundance, distribution and extraction
548
2
13.2.2 Atomic and physical properties
550
2
13.2.3 Chemical reactivity and group trends
552
2
13.3 Compounds of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
554
46
13.3.1 Intermetallic compounds and alloys
554
3
13.3.2 Hydrides of arsenic, antimony and bismuth
557
1
13.3.3 Halides and related complexes
558
14
Trihalides, MX(3)
558
3
Pentahalides, MX(5)
561
2
Mixed halides and lower halides
563
1
Halide complexes of M(III) and M(V)
564
6
Oxide halides
570
2
13.3.4 Oxides and oxo compounds
572
6
Oxo compounds of M(III)
573
3
Mixed-valence oxides
576
1
Oxo compounds of M(V)
576
2
13.3.5 Sulfides and related compounds
578
5
13.3.6 Metal - metal bonds and clusters
583
8
13.3.7 Other inorganic compounds
591
1
13.3.8 Organometallic compounds
592
8
Organoarsenic(III) compounds
593
1
Organoarsenic(V) compounds
594
2
Physiological activity of arsenicals
596
1
Organoantimony and organobismuth compounds
596
4
Chapter 14 Oxygen
600
45
14.1 The Element
600
15
14.1.1 Introduction
600
2
14.1.2 Occurrence
602
1
14.1.3 Preparation
603
1
14.1.4 Atomic and physical properties
604
3
14.1.5 Other forms of oxygen
607
5
Ozone
607
4
Atomic oxygen
611
1
14.1.6 Chemical properties of dioxygen, O(2)
612
3
14.2 Compounds of Oxygen
615
30
14.2.1 Coordination chemistry: dioxygen as a ligand
615
5
14.2.2 Water
620
13
Introduction
620
1
Distribution and availability
621
2
Physical properties and structure
623
2
Water of crystallization, aquo complexes and solid hydrates
625
2
Chemical properties
627
5
Polywater
632
1
14.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide
633
5
Physical properties
633
1
Chemical properties
634
4
14.2.4 Oxygen fluorides
638
2
14.2.5 Oxides
640
5
Various methods of classification
640
2
Nonstoichiometry
642
3
Chapter 15 Sulfur
645
102
15.1 The Element
645
31
15.1.1 Introduction
645
2
15.1.2 Abundance and distribution
647
2
15.1.3 Production and uses of elemental sulfur
649
3
15.1.4 Allotropes of sulfur
652
9
15.1.5 Atomic and physical properties
661
7
15.1.6 Chemical reactivity
662
14
Polyatomic sulfur cations
664
1
Sulfur as a ligand
665
8
Other ligands containing sulfur as donor atom
673
3
15.2 Compounds of Sulfur
676
71
15.2.1 Sulfides of the metallic elements
676
6
General considerations
676
3
Structural chemistry of metal sulfides
679
2
Anionic polysulfides
681
1
15.2.2 Hydrides of sulfur (sulfanes)
682
1
15.2.3 Halides of sulfur
683
10
Sulfur fluorides
683
6
Chlorides, bromides and iodides of sulfur
689
4
15.2.4 Oxohalides of sulfur
693
2
15.2.5 Oxides of sulfur
695
11
Lower oxides
695
3
Sulfur dioxide, SO(2)
698
3
Sulfur dioxide as a ligand
701
2
Sulfur trioxide
703
1
Higher oxides
704
2
15.2.6 Oxoacids of sulfur
706
15
Sulfuric acid, H(2)SO(4)
710
2
Peroxosulfuric acids, H(2)SO(5) and H(2)S(2)O(8)
712
2
Thiosulfuric acid, H(2)S(2)O(3)
714
1
Dithionic acid, H(2)S(2)O(6)
715
1
Polythionic acids, H(2)S(n)O(6)
716
1
Sulfurous acid, H(2)SO(3)
717
3
Disulfurous acid, H(2)S(2)O(5)
720
1
Dithionous acid, H(2)S(2)O(4)
720
1
15.2.7 Sulfur - nitrogen compounds
721
26
Binary sulfur nitrides
722
8
Sulfur - nitrogen cations and anions
730
5
Sulfur imides, S(8-n)(NH)(n)
735
1
Other cyclic sulfur - nitrogen compounds
736
1
Sulfur - nitrogen - halogen compounds
736
11
Sulfur - nitrogen - oxygen compounds
Chapter 16 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium
747
42
16.1 The Elements
747
18
16.1.1 Introduction: history, abundance, distribution
747
1
16.1.2 Production and uses of the elements
748
3
16.1.3 Allotropy
751
2
16.1.4 Atomic and physical properties
753
1
16.1.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
754
5
16.1.6 Polyatomic cations, M(x)(n+)
759
3
16.1.7 Polyatomic anions, M(x)(2-)
762
3
16.2 Compounds of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium
765
24
16.2.1 Selenides, tellurides and polonides
765
1
16.2.2 Hydrides
766
1
16.2.3 Halides
767
10
Lower halides
768
4
Tetrahalides
772
3
Hexahalides
775
1
Halide complexes
776
1
16.2.4 Oxohalides and pseudohalides
777
2
16.2.5 Oxides
779
2
16.2.6 Hydroxides and oxoacids
781
2
16.2.7 Other inorganic compounds
783
3
16.2.8 Organo-compounds
786
3
Chapter 17 The Halogens: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine
789
99
17.1 The Elements
789
20
17.1.1 Introduction
789
6
Fluorine
789
3
Chlorine
792
1
Bromine
793
1
Iodine
794
1
Astatine
794
1
17.1.2 Abundance and distribution
795
1
17.1.3 Production and uses of the elements
796
4
17.1.4 Atomic and physical properties
800
4
17.1.5 Chemical reactivity and trends
804
5
General reactivity and stereochemistry
804
2
Solutions and charge-transfer complexes
806
3
17.2 Compounds of Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine
809
76
17.2.1 Hydrogen halides, HX
809
10
Preparation and uses
809
3
Physical properties of the hydrogen halides
812
1
Chemical reactivity of the hydrogen halides
813
3
The hydrogen halides as nonaqueous solvents
816
3
17.2.2 Halides of the elements
819
5
Fluorides
820
1
Chlorides, bromides and iodides
821
3
17.2.3 Interhalogen compounds
824
11
Diatomic interhalogens, XY
824
4
Tetra-atomic interhalogens, XY(3)
828
4
Hexa-atomic and octa-atomic interhalogens, XF(5) and IF(7)
832
3
17.2.4 Polyhalide anions
835
4
17.2.5 Polyhalonium cations XY(2n+)
839
3
17.2.6 Halogen cations
842
2
17.2.7 Oxides of chlorine, bromine and iodine
844
9
Oxides of chlorine
844
6
Oxides of bromine
850
1
Oxides of iodine
851
2
17.2.8 Oxoacids and oxoacid salts
853
22
General considerations
853
3
Hypohalous acids, HOX, and hypohalites, XO(-)
856
3
Halous acids, HOXO, and halites, XO(2-)
859
3
Halic acids, HOXO(2), and halates, XO(3-)
862
3
Perhalic acid and perhalates
865
1
Perchloric acid and perchlorates
865
6
Perbromic acid and perbromates
871
1
Periodic acids and periodates
872
3
17.2.9 Halogen oxide fluorides and related compounds
875
8
Chlorine oxide fluorides
875
5
Bromine oxide fluorides
880
1
Iodine oxide fluorides
881
2
17.2.10 Halogen derivatives of oxoacids
883
2
17.3 The Chemistry of Astatine
885
3
Chapter 18 The Noble Gases: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon
888
17
18.1 Introduction
888
1
18.2 The Elements
889
3
18.2.1 Distribution, production and uses
889
1
18.2.2 Atomic and physical properties of the elements
890
2
18.3 Chemistry of the Noble Gases
892
13
18.3.1 Clathrates
893
1
18.3.2 Compounds of xenon
893
10
18.3.3 Compounds of other noble gases
903
2
Chapter 19 Coordination and Organometallic Compounds
905
39
19.1 Introduction
905
1
19.2 Types of Ligand
906
2
19.3 Stability of Coordination Compounds
908
4
19.4 The Various Coordination Numbers
912
6
19.5 Isomerism
918
3
Conformational isomerism
918
1
Geometrical isomerism
919
1
Optical isomerism
919
1
Ionization isomerism
920
1
Linkage isomerism
920
1
Coordination isomerism
920
1
Polymerization isomerism
921
1
Ligand isomerism
921
1
19.6 The Coordinate Bond
921
3
19.7 Organometallic Compounds
924
20
19.7.1 Monohapto ligands
925
5
19.7.2 Dihapto ligands
930
3
19.7.3 Trihapto ligands
933
2
19.7.4 Tetrahapto ligands
935
2
19.7.5 Pentahapto ligands
937
3
19.7.6 Hexahapto ligands
940
1
19.7.7 Heptahapto and octahapto ligands
941
3
Chapter 20 Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium
944
10
20.1 Introduction
944
1
20.2 The Elements
945
4
20.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
945
1
20.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
945
1
20.2.3 Properties of the elements
946
2
20.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
948
1
20.3 Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium
949
5
20.3.1 Simple compounds
949
1
20.3.2 Complexes
950
3
20.3.3 Organometallic compounds
953
1
Chapter 21 Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium
954
22
21.1 Introduction
954
1
21.2 The Elements
955
6
21.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
955
1
21.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
955
1
21.2.3 Properties of the elements
956
2
21.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
958
3
21.3 Compounds of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium
961
15
21.3.1 Oxides and sulfides
961
1
21.3.2 Mixed (or complex) oxides
962
2
21.3.3 Halides
964
2
21.3.4 Compounds with oxoanions
966
1
21.3.5 Complexes
967
5
Oxidation state IV (d(0))
967
2
Oxidation state III (d(1))
969
2
Lower oxidation states
971
1
21.3.6 Organometallic compounds
972
4
Chapter 22 Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum
976
26
22.1 Introduction
976
1
22.2 The Elements
977
4
22.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
977
1
22.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
977
1
22.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of the elements
978
1
22.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
979
2
22.3 Compounds of Vanadium, Niobium and Tantalum
981
21
22.3.1 Oxides
981
2
22.3.2 Polymetallates
983
4
22.3.3 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides
987
1
22.3.4 Halides and oxohalides
988
5
22.3.5 Compounds with oxoanions
993
1
22.3.6 Complexes
994
5
Oxidation state V (d(0))
994
1
Oxidation state IV (d(1))
994
2
Oxidation state III (d(2))
996
2
Oxidation state II (d(3))
998
1
22.3.7 The biochemistry of vanadium
999
1
22.3.8 Organometallic compounds
999
3
Chapter 23 Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
1002
38
23.1 Introduction
1002
1
23.2 The Elements
1003
4
23.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1003
1
23.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
1003
1
23.2.3 Properties of the elements
1004
1
23.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1005
2
23.3 Compounds of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
1007
33
23.3.1 Oxides
1007
2
23.3.2 Isopolymetallates
1009
4
23.3.3 Heteropolymetallates
1013
3
23.3.4 Tungsten and molybdenum bronzes
1016
1
23.3.5 Sulfides, selenides and tellurides
1017
2
23.3.6 Halides and oxohalides
1019
4
23.3.7 Complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten
1023
12
Oxidation state VI (d(0))
1023
1
Oxidation state V (d(1))
1024
1
Oxidation state IV (d(2))
1025
2
Oxidation state III (d(3))
1027
4
Oxidation state II (d(4))
1031
4
23.3.8 Biological activity and nitrogen fixation
1035
2
23.3.9 Organometallic compounds
1037
3
Chapter 24 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium
1040
30
24.1 Introduction
1040
1
24.2 The Elements
1041
4
24.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1041
1
24.2.2 Preparation and uses of the metals
1041
2
24.2.3 Properties of the elements
1043
1
24.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1044
1
24.3 Compounds of Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium
1045
25
24.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides
1045
4
24.3.2 Oxoanions
1049
2
24.3.3 Halides and oxohalides
1051
3
24.3.4 Complexes of manganese, technetium and rhenium
1054
7
Oxidation state VII (d(0))
1054
1
Oxidation state VI (d(1))
1055
1
Oxidation state V (d(2))
1055
1
Oxidation state IV (d(3))
1056
1
Oxidation state III (d(4))
1057
1
Oxidation state II (d(5))
1058
3
Lower oxidation states
1061
1
24.3.5 The biochemistry of manganese
1061
1
24.3.6 Organometallic compounds
1062
8
Chapter 25 Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
1070
43
25.1 Introduction
1070
1
25.2 The Elements Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
1071
8
25.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1071
1
25.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1071
3
25.2.3 Properties of the elements
1074
1
25.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1075
4
25.3 Compounds of Iron, Ruthenium and Osmium
1079
34
25.3.1 Oxides and other chalcogenides
1079
2
25.3.2 Mixed metal oxides and oxoanions
1081
1
25.3.3 Halides and oxohalides
1082
3
25.3.4 Complexes
1085
13
Oxidation state VIII (d(0))
1085
1
Oxidation state VII (d(1))
1085
1
Oxidation state VI (d(2))
1085
1
Oxidation state V (d(3))
1086
1
Oxidation state IV (d(4))
1086
2
Oxidation state III (d(5))
1088
3
Oxidation state II (d(6))
1091
6
Mixed valence compounds of ruthenium
1097
1
Lower oxidation states
1098
1
25.3.5 The biochemistry of iron
1098
6
Haemoglobin and myoglobin
1099
2
Cytochromes
1101
1
Iron-sulfur proteins
1102
2
25.3.6 Organometallic compounds
1104
9
Carbonyls
1104
1
Carbonyl hydrides and carbonylate anions
1105
3
Carbonyl halides and other substituted carbonyls
1108
1
Ferrocene and other cyclopentadienyls
1109
4
Chapter 26 Cobalt, Rhodium and Iridium
1113
31
26.1 Introduction
1113
1
26.2 The Elements
1113
4
26.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1113
1
26.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1114
1
26.2.3 Properties of the elements
1115
1
26.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1116
1
26.3 Compounds of Cobalt, Rhodium and Iridium
1117
27
26.3.1 Oxides and sulfides
1117
2
26.3.2 Halides
1119
2
26.3.3 Complexes
1121
17
Oxidation state IV (d(5))
1121
1
Oxidation state III (d(6))
1122
7
Oxidation state II (d(7))
1129
4
Oxidation state I (d(8))
1133
4
Lower oxidation states
1137
1
26.3.4 The biochemistry of cobalt
1138
1
26.3.5 Organometallic compounds
1139
5
Carbonyls
1140
3
Cyclopentadienyls
1143
1
Chapter 27 Nickel, Palladium and Platinum
1144
29
27.1 Introduction
1144
1
27.2 The Elements
1145
5
27.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1145
1
27.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1145
3
27.2.3 Properties of the elements
1148
1
27.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1149
1
27.3 Compounds of Nickel, Palladium and Platinum
1150
23
27.3.1 The Pd H(2) system
1150
1
27.3.2 Oxides and chalcogenides
1151
1
27.3.3 Halides
1152
2
27.3.4 Complexes
1154
13
Oxidation state IV (d(6))
1154
1
Oxidation state III (d(7))
1155
1
Oxidation state II (d(8))
1156
10
Oxidation state I (d(9))
1166
1
Oxidation state 0 (d(10))
1166
1
27.3.5 The biochemistry of nickel
1167
1
27.3.6 Organometallic compounds
1167
6
XXX-Bonded compounds
1167
1
Carbonyls
1168
2
Cyclopentadienyls
1170
1
Alkene and alkyne complexes
1170
1
XXX-Allylic complexes
1171
2
Chapter 28 Copper, Silver and Gold
1173
28
28.1 Introduction
1173
1
28.2 The Elements
1174
6
28.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1174
1
28.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1174
2
28.2.3 Atomic and physical properties of the elements
1176
1
28.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1177
3
28.3 Compounds of Copper, Silver and Gold
1180
21
28.3.1 Oxides and sulfides
1181
1
28.3.2 High temperature superconductors
1182
1
28.3.3 Halides
1183
2
28.3.4 Photography
1185
2
28.3.5 Complexes
1187
10
Oxidation state III (d(8))
1187
2
Oxidation state II (d(9))
1189
4
Electronic spectra and magnetic properties of copper(II)
1193
4
Oxidation state I (d(10))
1194
Gold cluster compounds
1197
1
28.3.6 Biochemistry of copper
1197
2
28.3.7 Organometallic compounds
1199
2
Chapter 29 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury
1201
26
29.1 Introduction
1201
1
29.2 The Elements
1202
6
29.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1202
1
29.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1202
1
29.2.3 Properties of the elements
1203
2
29.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1205
3
29.3 Compounds of Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury
1208
19
29.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides
1208
3
29.3.2 Halides
1211
2
29.3.3 Mercury(I)
1213
2
Polycations of mercury
1214
1
29.3.4 Zinc(II) and cadmium(II)
1215
2
29.3.5 Mercury(II)
1217
4
Hg(II) - N compounds
1218
2
Hg(II) - S compounds
1220
1
Cluster compounds involving mercury
1220
1
29.3.6 Organometallic compounds
1221
3
29.3.7 Biological and environmental importance
1224
3
Chapter 30 The Lanthanide Elements (Z = 58 - 71)
1227
23
30.1 Introduction
1227
2
30.2 The Elements
1229
9
30.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1229
1
30.2.2 Preparation and uses of the elements
1230
2
30.2.3 Properties of the elements
1232
3
30.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1235
3
30.3 Compounds of the Lanthanides
1238
12
30.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides
1238
2
30.3.2 Halides
1240
2
30.3.3 Magnetic and spectroscopic properties
1242
2
30.3.4 Complexes
1244
4
Oxidation state IV
1244
1
Oxidation state III
1245
3
Oxidation state II
1248
1
30.3.5 Organometallic compounds
1248
2
Cyclopentadienides and related compounds
1248
1
Alkyls and aryls
1249
1
Chapter 31 The Actinide and Transactinide Elements (Z = 90 - 112)
1250
35
31.1 Introduction
1250
3
Superheavy elements
1253
1
31.2 The Actinide Elements
1253
14
31.2.1 Terrestrial abundance and distribution
1253
2
31.2.2 Preparation and uses of the actinide elements
1255
7
Nuclear reactors and atomic energy
1256
4
Nuclear fuel reprocessing
1260
2
31.2.3 Properties of the actinide elements
1262
2
31.2.4 Chemical reactivity and trends
1264
3
31.3 Compounds of the Actinides
1267
13
31.3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides of the actinides
1268
1
31.3.2 Mixed metal oxides
1269
1
31.3.3 Halides of the actinide elements
1269
3
31.3.4 Magnetic and spectroscopic properties
1272
1
31.3.5 Complexes of the actinide elements
1273
5
Oxidation state VII
1273
1
Oxidation state VI
1273
1
Oxidation state V
1274
1
Oxidation state IV
1275
2
Oxidation state III
1277
1
Oxidation state II
1278
1
31.3.6 Organometallic compounds of the actinides
1278
2
31.4 The Transactinide Elements
1280
5
31.4.1 Introduction
1280
1
31.4.2 Element 104
1281
1
31.4.3 Element 105
1282
1
31.4.4 Element 106
1282
1
31.4.5 Elements 107, 108 and 109
1283
1
31.4.6 Elements 110, 111 and 112
1283
2
Appendix 1 Atomic Orbitals
1285
5
Appendix 2 Symmetry Elements, Symmetry Operations and Point Groups
1290
3
Appendix 3 Some Non-SI Units
1293
1
Appendix 4 Abundance of Elements in Crustal Rocks
1294
1
Appendix 5 Effective Ionic Radii
1295
1
Appendix 6 Nobel Prize for Chemistry
1296
4
Appendix 7 Nobel Prize for Physics
1300
5
Index
1305