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Tables of Contents for Decommissioning Health Physics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xii
Introduction: current issues in decommissioning and the MARSSIM overview
1
7
Questions
7
1
Decommissioning project overview and regulatory agency interface
8
24
Decommissioning options
8
4
Decommissioning project phases
12
2
Radiological surveys performed during decommissioning
14
2
Regulatory agency interface when designing the MARSSIM surveys
16
16
NRC standard review plans
17
2
Verification process
19
6
Verification program experiences and lessons learned
25
6
Questions
31
1
Characterization and the data quality objectives process
32
17
Introduction
32
4
Objectives of characterization and data quality objectives (DQOs)
36
1
Characterization survey design and considerations
37
5
Characterization survey activities
42
3
Structure surveys
43
1
Land area surveys
43
2
Other measurements/sampling locations
45
1
Characterization survey results to support the MARSSIM final status survey design
45
4
Questions and problems
47
2
Guidelines and dose-based release criteria
49
15
Historic release criteria and guidance documents
50
5
Dose-based release criteria and the NRC decommissioning rule-making
55
6
Clearance of materials and ANSI N13.12
61
3
Questions and problems
63
1
Exposure pathway modeling-DCGLs and hazard assessments
64
41
Screening versus site-specific-when is it time to go beyond the screening DCGLs?
65
2
Exposure pathway modeling-scenarios, pathways, and parameters
67
7
The NRC Policy and Guidance Directive PG-8-08
67
2
NUREG/CR-5512 and NUREG-1549
69
3
Pathway modeling parameters
72
2
Modeling codes
74
3
RESRAD and RESRAD-build models
75
1
D&D model
76
1
Determination of DCGLs and area factors
77
14
Dose modeling to obtain DCGLs
78
9
Modeling to obtain area factors
87
4
Hazard assessments-an early application of dose-based release criteria?
91
14
Hazard assessment for contaminated roof panels at a uranium site
92
8
Hazard assessment for contaminated underground pipes at a sealed source facility
100
3
Questions and problems
103
2
Preliminary survey design concerns and application of DCGLs
105
21
Direct application of DCGLs
106
1
Use of DCGLs for sites with multiple radionuclides
107
19
Use of surrogate measurements
110
9
Gross activity DCGLs for surface activity
119
3
Use of the unity rule
122
2
Questions and problems
124
2
Background determination and background reference areas
126
17
Background reference areas and related considerations
127
2
Surface material backgrounds
129
2
Scenario B survey design-indistinguishable from background
131
6
Scenario A versus scenario B final status survey designs
137
6
Questions and problems
141
2
Survey instrumentation selection and calibration
143
32
Calibration for surface activity measurement instruments
143
2
Overview of survey instrumentation and philosophy of instrument selection
145
2
Survey instrumentation for surface activity measurements and scanning
147
16
Overview of field survey instruments
147
2
Conventional survey instrument types
149
6
Advanced survey instrument types
155
5
Environmental effects on survey instrument operation
160
3
Determination of instrument efficiency for surface activity measurements
163
6
Survey instrumentation for exposure rate measurements
169
3
Pressurized ionization chambers
170
1
Micro-R and micro-rem meters
170
2
Laboratory instrumentation
172
3
Questions and problems
173
2
Detection sensitivity-static and scan MDCs
175
49
Critical level and detection limit
176
10
Static MDC
186
2
Scan MDC
188
36
Signal detection theory for scanning
188
2
Decision processes of the surveyor (human factors)
190
3
Scan MDCs for structure surfaces
193
9
Scan MDCs for land areas
202
8
Scan MDCs for multiple contaminants for structure surfaces and land areas
210
8
Empirically determined scan MDCs
218
2
Questions and problems
220
4
Survey procedures and measurement data interpretation
224
20
Surface activity measurements
225
10
Surface efficiency (&epsis;s)
225
6
Building material-specific backgrounds
231
4
Scanning building surfaces and land areas
235
3
Gamma spectrometry analyses for soil
238
6
Calibration standards and geometries for soil analyses
238
1
Interpreting gamma spectrometry data
239
3
Questions and problems
242
2
Statistics and hypothesis testing
244
18
Basic population statistics and confidence interval testing
244
4
Basic statistics
245
2
Confidence interval testing
247
1
Data distributions
248
5
Binomial distribution
248
2
Poisson distribution
250
1
Normal distribution
251
1
Student's t distribution
252
1
Hypothesis testing
253
9
Hypothesis testing fundamentals and examples
254
5
Chi-square test-a hypothesis test for evaluating instrument performance
259
2
Questions and problems
261
1
The MARSSIM final survey design and strategies
262
62
Final status survey protocols prior to the MARSSIM
263
6
NUREG/CR-2082 Guidance
263
2
NUREG/CR-5849 Guidance
265
4
Overview of the MARSSIM survey design
269
15
Sign test example-Co-60 in soil
270
8
WRS test example-uranium and thorium in soil
278
6
Surface activity measurements: Wilcoxon Rank Sum test or Sign test?
284
10
Surface activity measurements
285
1
WRS test for surface activity assessment
286
2
Sign test for surface activity assessment
288
5
Simulation study conceptual design
293
1
Comparison of the MARSSIM and NUREG/CR-5849 final status surveys for nuclear power plant decommissioning projects
294
4
Annotated MARSSIM examples
298
16
Example 1--class 1 interior survey unit
299
3
Example 2--class 2 interior survey unit
302
3
Example 3--class 1 exterior survey unit
305
3
Example 4--class 1 interior survey unit with multiple contaminants
308
6
The MARSSIM final status survey design strategies-understanding the power curve
314
10
Questions and problems
322
2
The MARSSIM data reduction
324
16
Data quality assessment for the Sign test for Co-60 in soil
325
8
Data quality assessment for the WRS test for uranium and thorium in soil
333
3
What if the survey unit fails?
336
4
Questions and problems
338
2
Decommissioning survey applications at various facility types
340
14
Uranium sites
340
5
Thorium and radium sites
345
4
Power reactor
349
3
University/research facilities
352
2
Questions and problems
353
1
Final status survey reports
354
9
Final status survey report content
355
3
Reporting survey results: measurement uncertainties and error propagation
358
5
Questions and problems
362
1
Practical applications of statistics to support decommissioning activities
363
32
Test for data normality
363
4
Shapiro-Wilk (W test)
364
2
D'Agostino test
366
1
Applications of statistics in decommissioning-comparison of data sets
367
10
t test with unequal variances: evaluating automated soil sorter performance
369
2
Pairwise t test: evaluating `wet' versus processed gamma spectroscopy results
371
3
Confirmatory analyses using non-parametric statistics
374
3
Case study: comparing Cs-137 concentration in a class 3 area with background reference area using both the t test and the WRS test
377
18
Two-sample t test
378
12
Mann-Whitney test: comparing Cs-137 concentrations in a class 3 area with a background reference area
390
4
Questions and problems
394
1
International decommissioning perspectives
395
3
Solutions to selected questions and problems
398
16
A Radionuclide and natural decay series characteristics
414
9
B The MARSSIM WRS and Sign test sample sizes (from the MARSSIM tables 5.3 and 5.5)
423
3
C Example decommissioning inspection plan for final status survey program
426
5
References
431
5
Index
436