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Tables of Contents for Introducing Social Psychology
A Brief Introduction
Colin Fraser1
6
A definition of social psychology
2
1
The organization of this book
2
5
The Social Individual3
1
SociaL Interaction and Relationships3
1
Understanding the Social World4
1
Social Issues4
1
The Nature of Social Psychology5
2
PART I The Social Individual
7
88
Personality and the Self
David Good9
25
Traits, types and individual differences
11
9
The beginnings in everyday speech11
1
Taxonomy, factor analysis and assessment12
4
The uses of assessment16
1
Consistency and the situationist critique17
2
Prospect19
1
Freud and the psychoanalytic tradition
20
7
A classical cast23
3
A classic, but is it relevant?26
1
George Herbert Mead29
2
Social identity and self-categorization31
1
The merely social self?31
1
Cognition and Social Behaviour
David Good34
22
Ambiguity36
2
Top-down and bottom-up38
1
Effort after meaning39
1
Autobiographical memory40
2
Recovered memories?42
1
Information or connections?43
1
Judgement and reasoning
44
4
Availability heuristic45
1
Representativeness heuristic46
1
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic47
1
Confirmation bias47
1
Universality and specificity48
1
Do they think like us?
50
2
The evolved social mind
52
2
Autism: a cognitive and social deficit53
1
The intrapersonal side of emotion
57
6
The beginning: William James57
3
William Cannon60
1
Stanley Schachter60
3
The interpersonal side of emotion
63
5
Darwinian beginnings63
1
Paul Ekman63
3
Facial feedback66
1
Cross-cultural differences67
1
Why do we have emotions?
70
1
Psychopathy72
1
Schizophrenia73
1
Depression74
1
Language and Communication
David Good76
19
Three basic properties
77
4
Variation77
2
Indeterminacy79
1
Reflection80
1
The structure of human communication
81
5
The structure of language and conversation82
3
The structure of non-vocal communication85
1
Gender, language and interaction
86
7
Gendered speech87
3
Sexist language?90
3
PART II Social Interaction and Relationships
95
98
The Development of Social Relationships
Dole Hay97
19
The emergence of interaction
98
2
Readiness for interaction98
1
Mutuality in infancy99
1
The beginnings of cooperation and conflict100
1
Links between early social experiences and later social relations
100
8
Attachment theory101
2
Measuring the security of attachment103
2
Effects of early experience: a gradient of privation105
3
Fathers108
2
Siblings110
2
Peers112
2
Interpersonal Relationships
Robert Hinde116
24
What is a relationship?
117
3
Interactions and relationships117
1
The self-system117
1
Levels of complexity118
2
Describing relationships
120
2
Dimensions of interpersonal relationships
122
11
Content of interactions122
1
Diversity of interactions123
1
Qualities of interactions124
1
Relative frequency and patterning of interactions124
2
Reciprocity in interactions126
2
Complementarity in interactions128
1
Conflict128
1
Power129
1
Self-disclosure130
1
Interpersonal perception130
1
Satisfaction with the relationship131
1
Commitment132
1
The dynamics of relationships
133
4
Individual characteristics133
1
Dissonance and balance133
1
Attribution134
1
Exchange and interdependence theories134
1
Attachment135
1
Positive and negative feedback136
1
Social and other extra-dyadic issues136
1
The diversity and complexity of relationships
137
1
Interaction in Groups
Colin Fraser140
22
How small is `small'?141
1
Defining characteristics142
1
Describing social influence processes in groups
143
9
Norms143
1
Norm formation144
1
Maintaining norms through majority influence145
2
Changing norms through minority influence147
2
Group decision-making and group polarization149
2
Groupthink151
1
Explaining social influence in groups
152
8
Social comparison processes153
1
The law of social impact153
1
Normative and informational social influence processes154
5
Self-categorization theory159
1
Altruism and Aggression
Abigail Buckle162
31
Problems of definition163
2
Are people genuinely altruistic?
165
2
The majority view: helpers profit from helping165
1
The dissenters' view: helping for the sake of helping166
1
The social context of helping
167
3
Why do people not help?167
2
The presence of other bystanders169
1
Mood and helpfulness171
1
Gender differences172
1
The altrustic personality173
1
Encouraging long-term helpfulness
174
4
Non-spontaneous helping: researching voluntary work175
1
Helping people with AIDS175
2
Future directions177
1
Theories of aggression
178
5
Aggression as coercion179
1
Power and dominance179
2
Impression management181
1
The cognitive neoassociationist view181
2
Assessment of the theories183
1
Individual differences
183
3
Institutional violence
186
1
Deindividuation and aggression186
1
Aggression and dehumanization187
1
Obedience and aggression187
1
Hard times189
1
The continuum of destruction189
1
Evaluation of Staub's analysis189
1
PART III Understanding the Social World
193
96
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Patrick Leman195
21
Learning morality from others
196
4
Social learning theories196
1
Parents and moral development197
2
Society and morality199
1
The rules of the game201
2
Heteronomy and autonomy203
1
Social relations204
2
Cognitive-developmental theory
206
6
Kohlberg's theory206
3
The logic of moral development209
2
Moral and conventional rules211
1
Moral development in a cultural context
212
2
Culture and morality212
1
Women's moral voice213
1
Perceiving and Understanding People
Brendan Burchell216
19
Simple impression formation
217
1
Biases in attributions221
1
The fundamental attribution error221
1
The actor--observer error222
2
Motivational biases224
2
Other critiques of attribution models226
1
Memory and recall for information about people
227
4
Categorizing people229
1
Other knowledge structures used in person perception and categorization230
1
The outcomes of person perception
231
2
Attitudes and Actions
Colin Fraser235
15
Might attitudes be irrelevant?
236
2
Conceptions of attitudes
238
3
One component239
1
Two components239
1
Three components240
1
Zero components241
1
Attitudes, actions and behaviour
241
8
Are attitudes and behaviour unrelated?241
2
The theory of reasoned action243
3
The theory of planned behaviour246
1
Attitude accessibility246
2
Self-monitoring and personality differences248
1
Attitude Organization and Change
Colin Fraser250
18
The emergence of interest in attitude change
252
1
Attitude organization as cognitive consistency
253
6
A simple idea253
1
Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance253
4
A reformulation of dissonance theory257
2
Methods of attitude change other than persuasion
259
1
Theories of attitude change
260
5
McGuire's information processing model260
1
Greenwald's cognitive-response model261
1
Systematic and heuristic processing261
1
The elaboration likelihood model262
2
The heuristic-systematic model264
1
Attitude change or behaviour change?
265
1
Social Representations
Gerard Duveen268
21
Characteristics of social representations
271
2
The dynamics of social representations
273
2
Reified and consensual universes
275
3
The development of social representations of gender
278
5
Social representations as organizations of meanings
283
3
PART IV Social Issues
289
92
Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
Colin Fraser291
26
The commonness of prejudice291
1
Definition of terms292
2
Four types of theories
294
1
Psychodynamic theories
295
4
Freud's theory295
1
The authoritarian personality296
3
Socialization analyses302
1
A social-cognitive developmental theory303
2
Realistic group conflict theory305
2
Tajfel's social identity theory307
4
Some conclusions from the theories
311
1
Implications of the theories for change312
2
Empirical evidence: the contact hypothesis314
2
The World of Paid Work
Colin Fraser and
Brendan Burchell317
25
What might employees get from their jobs?
319
5
What do employees get from their jobs?
324
5
Surveys of job satisfaction324
4
Indirect questions in surveys of job satisfaction328
1
Methods of increasing job satisfaction
329
2
Job satisfaction and performance
331
3
The psychological effects of unemployment
334
6
Unemployment and psychological health: the evidence334
2
Why does unemployment affect psychological well-being?336
1
Environmental vitamins and latent functions336
1
Personal agency337
1
Unemployment, poverty and social exclusion338
1
The psychological health of dependents of unemployed people339
1
Health and Illness
Fraser Watts and
Nicola Morant342
23
Social psychological perspectives on health and illness
343
1
The social distribution of illness
344
4
Women and depression345
3
Social distribution of schizophrenia348
1
Childhood experiences and adult depression348
1
Dimensions of personality as predisposing factors349
2
Depression351
2
Schizophrenia353
1
Marital and family interactions
356
4
Depression356
2
Schizophrenia358
2
Social integration and public attitudes
360
1
Lay notions of illness
361
2
Social Psychology and Policy
David Halpern365
16
Objectives: what are we trying to achieve?
367
4
Understanding social processes: the example of social capital
371
3
Making judgements: if not rational, then what?
374
2
The problem of individual differences in ability
376
3
PART V The Nature of Social Psychology
381
35
Research Methods
Brendan Burchell383
20
So, what exactly is an experiment?
384
7
Experimenter effects388
1
Demand characteristics388
2
The radical critiques of experimentation390
1
Field experiments and quasi-experiments
391
1
Surveys and interviewing people
392
3
Survey designs394
1
The Nature of Social Psychology
Colin Fraser403
13
A brief history of social psychology
403
6
An excursion into experimental psychology404
1
Social psychology's immediate precursors405
1
Influences from sociology and psychology406
1
Critiques of scope and method407
2
Alternative conceptions of social psychology
409
5
Broader and narrower views of social psychology411
3
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