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Tables of Contents for Cardiovascular Therapeutics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Color Plates
xxiv
SECTION I: DECISION-MAKING TOOLS
Elliott M. Antman
Tools for Assessment of Cardiovascular Tests and Therapies
1
34
Elliott M. Antman
Robert M. Califf
Joel Kupersmith
Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests
1
1
Clinical Trials
2
9
How To Read and Interpret a Clinical Trial
11
2
Meta-Analysis
13
6
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
19
16
Bedside Assays in Cardiovascular Therapeutics
35
18
Richard C. Becker
Scott D. Berkowitz
Britta U. Goldmann
Christian Hamm
Important Features of Bedside Assays
35
1
Assessing Platelet Function
35
1
Impedance Platelet Aggregometry
36
1
Flow Cytometry
36
1
Coagulation Assays
37
5
Coagulation Assays in Development for Point-of-Care Testing
42
1
Combined Coagulation and Platelet Function Assays
42
1
Clinical Implementation of Bedside Assays
43
1
Markers of Myocardial Injury
43
2
Point-of-Care Testing in Acute Coronary Syndromes
45
3
Conclusions
48
5
SECTION II: ISCHEMIC DISEASE
Elliott M. Antman
Primary Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease
53
44
Paul M. Ridker
P. J. Skerrett
J. Michael Gaziano
Epidemiology of Primary Prevention
53
3
Assessment of Risk
56
5
Evolving Concepts in Atherogenesis: Relevance for Primary Prevention
61
1
Therapeutic Approaches
62
15
Novel Risk Factors
77
6
The Public Health Impact of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention
83
1
Screening for Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
83
4
Clinical Profiles In Primary Prevention
87
10
Pharmacologic Options for Treatment of Ischemic Disease
97
58
Jonathan Abrams
William H. Frishman
Shannon M. Bates
Jeffrey I. Weitz
Lionel H. Opie
Nitrates
97
5
Calcium Channel Blockers
102
10
β-Adrenergic Blockers
112
10
Role of Thrombosis in Ischemic Heart Disease
122
19
Future Prospects
141
14
Ischemic Heart Disease: Surgical Options--A Cardiology Perspective
155
24
Allen J. Solomon
Bernard J. Gersh
Comparison with Medical Therapy
155
2
Comparison with Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
157
2
Indications for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
159
5
Special Considerations
164
6
Preoperative Evaluation
170
1
Postoperative Management
171
2
Alternative Surgical Strategies
173
6
Chronic Stable Angina
179
26
David E. Newby
Keith A. A. Fox
Chronic Stable Angina Not Attributable to Obstructive Atheroma
179
1
Epidemiology
179
1
Natural History
179
3
Assessment and Investigation
182
4
Therapeutic Interventions
186
12
Potential Future Therapies
198
7
Management of Unstable Angina
205
28
Stephen Monroe
Carl J. Pepine
Pathogenesis
205
2
Clinical Presentation and Assessment
207
1
Diagnostic Tools
208
4
Prevention of Ischemia, Myocardial Infarction, and Death
212
11
Ongoing Risk Stratification and Noninvasive Testing
223
2
Coronary Angiography and Intervention
225
3
Conclusion
228
5
Acute Myocardial Infarction
233
60
Judith S. Hochman
Robert M. Califf
Pathophysiology
233
1
Clinical Epidemiology
233
1
Prehospital Phase
234
1
Emergency Department Phase
235
27
Chest Pain Unit
262
1
Cardiac Care Unit Phase
263
11
Recurrent Symptoms
274
3
Risk Stratification
277
3
Secondary Prevention
280
13
SECTION III: HEART FAILURE
Wilson S. Colucci
Pathophysiologic and Clinical Considerations in the Treatment of Heart Failure: An Overview
293
7
Wilson S. Colucci
Goals of Therapy
293
1
Pathophysiology
294
2
Clinical Manifestations
296
4
Principles of Pharmacologic Management of Chronic Heart Failure
300
25
Michael R. Bristow
J. David Port
Ralph A. Kelly
Diuretics
300
5
Vasodilators
305
3
Positive Inotropic Agents
308
3
Signaling Molecule Inhibitors
311
14
Ambulatory Management of Heart Failure
325
31
Michael M. Givertz
Jay N. Cohn
Background Pathophysiology
325
1
Dietary Sodium Restriction
326
1
Diuretics
327
3
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Vasodilators
330
7
β-Blockers
337
4
Digoxin
341
2
Options for Patients with Persistent Signs and Symptoms
343
1
Positive Inotropic Agents
343
1
Adjunctive Therapy
344
2
Future Directions
346
1
Special Considerations
347
9
Hospital Management of Heart Failure
356
18
Michael M. Givertz
Lynne Warner Stevenson
Wilson S. Colucci
Pathophysiology
356
2
General Management
358
2
Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring: General Principles and Initial Therapy
360
8
Other Management Issues
368
1
Special Considerations
369
1
Future Directions
370
4
Cardiac Transplantation and Circulatory Support Devices
374
17
Donna Mancini
Mehmet Oz
Mathew Williams
Cardiac Transplantation
374
2
Posttransplantation Management
376
6
Quality of Life after Transplantation
382
1
Circulatory Assist Devices
383
4
Other Surgical Modalities
387
1
Conclusion
387
4
SECTION IV: ARRHYTHMIAS/CONDUCTION DISTURBANCES
Mark E. Josephson
Evaluation of the Patient with Disturbances of the Cardiac Rhythm
391
16
Allison W. Richardson
Peter J. Zimetbaum
Mark E. Josephson
Ambulatory Monitoring
391
2
Exercise Testing
393
1
Tilt Table Testing
393
1
Techniques for Risk Stratification
393
2
Evaluation of the Symptomatic Patient
395
3
Noninvasive Risk Stratification and Surveillance for Asymptomatic Arrhythmias
398
2
Patients with Primary Electrophysiologic Abnormalities
400
1
Ambulatory Monitoring to Assess Safety and Efficacy of Antiarrhythmic Medications
401
1
The Electrophysiology Study
401
1
Future Strategies
402
5
Clinical Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Drugs
407
16
Raymond L. Woosley
Quinidine
407
3
Procainamide
410
1
Disopyramide
411
1
Lidocaine
411
2
Mexiletine
413
1
Propafenone
413
1
Flecainide
414
1
Bretylium
415
1
Sotalol
415
1
Amiodarone
416
1
Ibutilide
416
1
Dofetilide
417
1
Adenosine
417
6
Acute and Chronic Pharmacologic Management of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
423
22
J. Michael Mangrum
John P. DiMarco
Pharmacology of Supraventricular Arrhythmias
423
1
Evaluation of Therapy
423
2
Atrial Fibrillation
425
9
Atrial Flutter
434
1
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
434
4
Atrial Tachycardias
438
7
Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Tachyarrhythmias
445
13
David J. Callans
Catheter Ablation for the Treatment of Tachyarrhythmias
445
1
Practical Considerations
445
1
Review of the Success of Catheter Ablation by Specific Arrhythmia Syndrome
446
8
Summary
454
4
Atrial Fibrillation: A Comprehensive Approach
458
19
Johan E. P. Waktare
A. John Camm
Nomenclature-A Rational Framework for Management
458
3
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
461
7
Nonpharmacologic Strategies for Treatment of AF
468
2
Thromboembolic Prophylaxis
470
1
Conclusion
471
6
Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias
477
26
Reginald T. Ho
David J. Callans
Treatment Options
478
1
Short-term Therapy
479
1
Long-term Therapy
479
5
Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
484
12
Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
496
2
Role of Electrophysiologic Testing
498
1
Future Directions
499
4
Implantable Devices for the Electrical Management of Heart Disease: Overview of Indications for Therapy and Selected Advances
503
26
Michael O. Sweeney
Kenneth A. Ellenbogen
Advances in Pacemaker Therapy
503
17
Advances in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy
520
3
Indications for Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy
523
3
Summary
526
3
SECTION V: DYSLIPOPROTEINEMIAS/ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Antonio M. Gotto, Jr.
Dyslipoproteinemias/Atherosclerosis: Overview of Pathology and Management Strategies
529
14
Antonio M. Gotto, Jr.
John A. Farmer
Theories of Pathogenesis
529
3
Morphologic Stages of Atherosclerosis
532
3
Plaque Vulnerability
535
1
Overview of Management
535
6
Summary
541
2
Dyslipoproteinemias/Atherosclerosis: Dietary Therapy
543
24
Margo A. Denke
Definition of a Therapeutic Diet
543
1
Diet and Lipoprotein Metabolism
544
6
Quantitative Relationships Between Nutrient Intake and Lipid/Lipoprotein Levels
550
6
Efficacy of a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet
556
4
A Stepwise Approach to the Dietary Management of Patients with Specific Lipid and Lipoprotein Patterns
560
7
Dyslipoproteinemias/Atherosclerosis: Pharmacologic Therapy
567
22
Antonio M. Gotto, Jr.
John A. Farmer
Indications for Drug Therapy
567
2
Drug Therapy
569
15
Drug Interactions
584
1
Summary
585
4
The Steps Beyond Diet and Drug Therapy for Severe Hypercholesterolemia
589
12
Bruce R. Gordon
Lisa Cooper Hudgins
Definition of the Target Population
589
1
Description of the Patient Population
589
1
Extracorporeal Therapies for the Treatment of Severe Hypercholesterolemia
590
4
Surgical Procedures
594
4
Conclusions and Recommendations for Therapy
598
3
SECTION VI: THROMBOSIS/THROMBOLYSIS
Joseph Loscalzo
Antiplatelet Therapy
601
54
Robert P. Giugliano
Christopher P. Cannon
Arachidonic Acid Inhibitors
602
7
Non-Cyclooxygenase Inhibition of Arachidonic Acid
609
2
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
611
5
Thienopyridines
616
3
Thromboxane Inhibitors
619
1
Serotonin Antagonists
620
1
Inhibitors of Platelet Adhesion
621
1
Platelet Glycoprotein lib/iiia Receptor Blockers
622
13
Unclassified Antiplatelet Agents
635
1
Drugs with Secondary Antiplatelet Activity
636
1
Summary
636
19
Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
655
14
Jack Hirsh
Shannon M. Bates
Initial Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
655
6
Long-Term Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
661
2
Duration of Anticoagulant Therapy
663
1
Special Circumstances
664
1
Conclusions
664
5
Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndromes
669
26
Christopher P Cannon
Valentin Fuster
Antithrombotic Drugs
669
9
Fibrinolytic Drugs
678
10
Conclusion
688
7
Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy of Peripheral Vascular, Cerebrovascular, and Intracardiac Disorders
695
10
Jane E. Freedman
Joseph Loscalzo
Thrombolytic and Antithrombotic Treatment of Arterial Thrombotic Disease
695
4
Thrombolytic and Antithrombotic Treatment of Venous Thrombotic Disease
699
1
Thrombolytic and Antithrombotic Treatment of Valvular and Intraventricular Thrombotic Disease
700
5
SECTION VII: HYPERTENSION
Suzanne Oparil
Antihypertensive Therapy
705
10
Lawrence R. Krakoff
Overall or Absolute Risk as the Basis for Treatment
706
3
Hypertension--Changing Definitions
709
1
Goals for Treatment of Hypertension: Surrogates and Outcomes
710
1
Preventing Hypertension
710
1
Work-Up or Evaluation Before and During Treatment
711
2
Summary
713
2
Lifestyle Modification in the Treatment of Hypertension
715
7
Frank M. Sacks
Lawrence J. Appel
Weight Loss
715
1
The Dash Diet
716
2
Sodium Reduction
718
1
Limited Alcohol Intake
719
1
Combinations of Lifestyle Interventions
720
2
Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension
722
19
Domenic A. Sica
Todd W. B. Gehr
General Guidelines
722
2
Blood Pressure Goals and the J-Curve
724
10
Special Considerations in Therapy
734
1
Step-Down Therapy
735
2
Choice of Drugs: First, Second, and Beyond
737
4
Secondary Hypertension: Endocrine Causes
741
13
William F. Young, Jr.
Pheochromocytoma
741
4
Primary Aldosteronism
745
3
Other Forms of Mineralocorticoid Excess
748
1
Cushing's Syndrome
749
2
Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease
751
1
Acromegaly
752
2
Secondary Hypertension: Renovascular Causes
754
14
Ira W. Reiser
Samuel Spitalewitz
Incidence And Etiology
754
1
Screening Tests
754
2
Angiography
756
1
Physiologic Significance
756
1
Management of Renovascular Hypertension
756
7
Preservation of Renal Function
763
5
Treatment of Hypertension in the Patient with Cardiovascular Disease
768
29
George S. Chrysant
Suzanne Oparil
Systolic Blood Pressure Pulse Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
771
1
Treatment of Isolated Systolic Hypertension
772
2
Diastolic Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
774
1
Treatment of Diastolic Hypertension
774
4
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
778
1
Chronobiology and Coronary Heart Disease
779
1
Coronary Heart Disease: Angina and Silent Ischemia
780
1
Coronary Heart Disease: Acute Myocardial Infarction
780
4
Heart Failure
784
5
Hypertension and Cerebrovascular Disease
789
2
Hypertension and Peripheral Vascular Disease
791
6
Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Renal Disease
797
13
Munavvar Izhar
George L. Bakris
Nondiabetic Renal Parenchymal Disease
798
1
Diabetes and Chronic Renal Disease
799
1
Therapeutic Approaches to Hypertension
800
6
Treatment Recommendations and Caveats
806
4
Refractory Hypertension
810
7
Donald G. Vidt
Consider Pseudoresistance
810
1
Look for Signs of Nonadherence to Therapy
810
1
Is the Treatment Regimen Adequate and Appropriate?
811
1
Is There a Potential for Drug-Drug Interactions?
812
1
Identify the Impact of Associated Conditions
812
1
Do Not Overlook Plasma Volume Expansion
813
1
Secondary Hypertension
813
1
A Time for Revisions In Therapy
814
1
Hemodynamic and Neurohumoral Evaluation
814
1
Individualized and Targeted Therapy
815
2
Hypertensive Emergencies
817
15
Arnold B. Alper
David A. Calhoun
Definitions
817
1
Incidence, Prevalence, and Natural History
817
2
Pathophysiology
819
1
Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertensive Emergencies
819
5
Specific Hypertensive Emergencies
824
8
Hypertension in Pregnancy and in Children
832
23
Phyllis August
Bonita Falkner
Hypertension in Pregnancy
832
10
Hypertension in Children
842
9
Summary
851
4
SECTION VIII: INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY/CARDIAC SURGERY
Jeffrey J. Popma
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Indications and Patient Selection
855
10
Charles R. Cannan
Alice K. Jacobs
David O. Williams
Indications
855
4
Assessment of Patients for Coronary Intervention
859
6
Mechanical Approaches to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
865
20
A. Michael Lincoff
Stephen G. Ellis
Coronary Balloon Angioplasty
865
3
Stents
868
4
Atherectomy and Other Ablative Devices
872
5
Endovascular Radiation
877
1
Intravascular Imaging Techniques
878
Summary
875
10
Adjunctive Pharmacology During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
885
18
Dean J. Kereiakes
Thomas M. Shimshak
Basic Considerations
885
1
Conventional Therapy with Aspirin and Unfractionated Heparin
885
3
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
888
2
Adjunctive Antithrombin Therapy
890
1
Adjunctive Antiplatelet Therapy
890
1
Platelet Glycoprotein lib/iiia Blockade
891
1
Unplanned or Provisional Coronary Stenting
892
1
Complex Coronary Stenting
893
1
Elective Stent Deployment
894
1
Directional Coronary Atherectomy
895
1
Rotational Atherectomy
895
1
Future Directions
896
7
High-Risk Patient Subsets for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: Mechanisms and Management
903
16
Satyendra Giri
Campbell D. K. Rogers
Daniel I. Simon
Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
903
4
Advanced Renal Failure and Dialysis
907
3
Elderly Patients
910
9
Interventional Revascularization Procedures in Acute Myocardial Infarction
919
18
George Dangas
Vincent S. DeGeare
Cindy L. Grines
Gregg W. Stone
Limitations of Fibrinolytic Therapy
919
1
Primary Angioplasty
920
1
Randomized Trials of Primary PTCH and Fibrinolytic Therapy
920
2
Insights from Prospective Randomized Acute Myocardial Infarction Trials
922
3
Adjunctive Pharmacotherapy and Advanced Interventional Techniques
925
3
Primary Stenting Versus Primary Angioplasty Randomized Trials
928
3
Cost-Effectiveness of Primary Mechanical Reperfusion Compared with Thrombolytic Therapy
931
1
Mechanical Revascularization after Fibrinolytic Therapy
931
6
Interventional Procedures in the Peripheral Circulation
937
18
John A. Bittl
Cerebrovascular Disease
937
5
Subclavian and Brachiocephalic Stenting
942
1
Renal Artery Stenting
943
4
Iliofemoral Obstructive Disease
947
2
Stent Grafts for Aortic Aneurysms
949
2
Dialysis Graft Interventions
951
1
Conclusions
952
3
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Surgical Perspective
955
20
Richard Jay Shemin
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Versus Medical Therapy
955
6
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
961
7
Advances In Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
968
3
Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization
971
1
Future of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
971
4
The Timing of Valve Surgery
975
20
Blase A. Carabello
Aortic Stenosis
975
6
Mitral Stenosis
981
2
Mitral Regurgitation
983
4
Aortic Regurgitation
987
2
Tricuspid Regurgitation
989
2
Tricuspid Stenosis
991
1
Pulmonic Stenosis in Adults
991
1
Prosthetic Valves
991
1
Conclusion
991
4
Surgical Therapy for Valvular Heart Disease
995
12
Lawrence H. Cohn
Neil Worrall
Michael K. Banbury
Delos M. Cosgrove III
Mitral Valve Disease
995
5
Tricuspid Valve Disease
1000
1
Aortic Valve
1001
6
Cost-Effectiveness of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
1007
16
David J. Cohen
Medical Care Cost Concepts
1007
1
Medical Economic Studies
1008
1
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
1008
1
Economic Evaluations of Coronary Revascularization
1009
11
Conclusions
1020
3
SECTION IX: MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
Elliott M. Antman
Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease
1023
16
Gary Gibbons
Matthew Pollman
Genomic Technologies: Implications for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy
1023
1
Gene Therapy of Cardiovascular Disease: Therapeutic Strategies
1024
1
Challenges in Gene Therapy: Targeted Tissue Delivery
1025
1
Gene Therapy: Tools-of the Trade
1026
4
Cardiac Gene Therapy
1030
2
Vascular Gene Therapy
1032
4
Future Directions and Opportunities
1036
3
Pharmacologic Options for Treating Cardiovascular Disease During Pregnancy
1039
9
Sharon C. Reimold
Hypertension
1039
2
Valvular Heart Disease
1041
1
Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
1042
1
Prosthetic Heart Valves
1043
1
Edema
1043
1
Acute Coronary Syndromes
1043
1
Heart Failure
1044
1
Lipid Disorders
1044
1
Cardiac Arrhythmias
1044
2
Marfan's Syndrome
1046
1
Pulmonary Hypertension
1046
1
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
1046
2
Care for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease
1048
27
Mary P. Mullen
Michael J. Landzberg
Issues for the Care Provider
1048
27
Treatment of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
1075
7
Jacques I. Benisty
Michael J. Landzberg
Pathobiology of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
1075
1
Diagnosis
1075
1
Medical Therapy of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
1076
4
Atrial Septostomy for Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
1080
1
Transplantation for Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
1080
1
Summary
1080
2
Prevention and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis
1082
18
Adolf W. Karchmer
Infective Endocarditis Syndromes
1082
1
Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis
1083
2
Antimicrobial Therapy for Specific Agents
1085
5
Timing the Initiation of Antimicrobial Therapy
1090
1
Monitoring Therapy for Endocarditis
1091
1
Outpatient Antimicrobial Therapy
1091
1
Surgical Treatment of Intracardiac Complications
1092
3
Treatment of Extracardiac Complications
1095
1
Anticoagulant Therapy
1095
2
Prevention of Endocarditis
1097
3
Rehabilitation of the Patient with Cardiovascular Disease
1100
13
Jonathan N. Myers
Victor F. Froelicher
Physiologic Responses to Exercise
1100
2
Physical Training
1102
1
Cardiovascular Effects of Immobility
1103
1
Cardiac Rehabilitation after a Myocardial Infarction
1104
2
Medical Evaluation for Exercise
1106
5
Closing Comment
1111
2
Treatment of Pericardial Disease
1113
Brian D. Hoit
Acute Pericarditis
1113
Recurrent Pericarditis
1114
Pericardial Effusion
1114
Constrictive Pericarditis
1117
Treatment of Specific Causes of Pericarditis
1118
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Cardiovascular Drugs
1123
Stanley Nattel
Steven G. Terra
Appendix 2. Intracardiac Devices and Catheters
1165
Elazer R. Edelman
George Dangas
Martin B. Leon
Roxana Mehran
Jeffrey J. Popma
Michael O. Sweeney
Appendix 3. Circulatory Support Devices
1180
James C. Fang
Gregory S. Couper