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Tables of Contents for An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Author's acknowledgements
ix
1
Publisher's acknowledgements
x
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
1
12
1.1 Corpora
3
2
1.2 The role of Computers in corpus linguistics
5
2
1.3 The scope of corpus linguistics
7
6
CHAPTER TWO: The design and development of corpora
13
75
2.1 Pre-electronic corpora
13
6
2.1.1 Biblical and literary
13
1
2.1.2 Lexicographical
14
1
2.1.3 Dialect
15
1
2.1.4 Language education
16
1
2.1.5 Grammatical
17
2
2.2 Types of electronic corpora
19
4
2.3 Major electronic corpora for linguistic research
23
34
2.3.1 First generation corpora
23
1
2.3.1.1 The Brown Corpus
23
4
2.3.1.2 The Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen (LOB) Corpus
27
2
2.3.1.3 Other first generation corpora modelled on the Brown Corpus
29
2
2.3.1.4 The London-Lund Corpus (LLC)
31
2
2.3.2 Corpora of English compiled for specialized purposes
33
1
2.3.2.1 Corpora for lexicography
33
2
2.3.2.2 Dictionaries as corpora
35
1
2.3.2.3 Corpora for studying spoken English
36
2
2.3.2.4 Diachronic corpora
38
2
2.3.2.5 Corpora for research on language acquisition
40
3
2.3.2.6 Other corpora for special purposes
43
2
2.3.3 Second generation mega-corpora
45
1
2.3.3.1 The Cobuild project
46
2
2.3.3.2 The Longman Corpus Network
48
2
2.3.3.3 The British National Corpus (BNC)
50
4
2.3.3.4 The International Corpus of English (ICE)
54
3
2.4 Electronic text databases
57
3
2.5 Issues in corpus design and compilation
60
10
2.5.1 Static or dynamic
60
2
2.5.2 Representativeness and balance
62
4
2.5.3 Size
66
4
2.6 Compiling a corpus
70
15
2.6.1 Corpus design
70
5
2.6.2 Planning a storage system and keeping records
75
1
2.6.3 Getting permission
76
2
2.6.4 Text capture
78
1
2.6.4.1 Written texts
78
2
2.6.4.2 Spoken texts
80
2
2.6.5 Markup
82
3
2.7 Organizations and professional associations concerned with corpus design, development and research
85
3
CHAPTER THREE: Corpus-based descriptions of English
88
116
3.1 Lexical description
91
30
3.1.1 Pre-electronic lexical description for pedagogical purposes
93
4
3.1.2 Computer corpus-based studies of the lexicon
97
11
3.1.3 Collocation
108
13
3.2 Grammatical studies centred on morphemes or words
121
33
3.2.1 Verb-form use for tense and aspect
122
8
3.2.2 Modals
130
4
3.2.3 Voice
134
3
3.2.4 Verb and particle use
137
1
3.2.5 Subjunctive
137
2
3.2.6 Prepositions: of, at, from, between, through, by
139
5
3.2.7 Conjunctions: since, when, once
144
8
3.2.8 More and less
152
2
3.3 Grammatical studies centred on the sentence
154
20
3.3.1 Sentence length
157
2
3.3.2 Syntactic processes
159
1
3.3.2.1 Clause patterning
159
3
3.3.2.2 Noun modification
162
3
3.3.2.3 Conditionality
165
2
3.3.2.4 Causation
167
4
3.3.2.5 Negation
171
2
3.3.2.6 Clefting
173
1
3.4 Pragmatics and spoken discourse
174
6
3.5 Corpus-based studies of variation in the use of English
180
24
3.5.1 Comparisons of spoken and written English
182
8
3.5.2 Comparisons of regional varieties of English
190
7
3.5.3 Variation in registers and genres
197
2
3.5.4 Studies of language change
199
5
CHAPTER FOUR: Corpus analysis
204
64
4.1 Corpus annotation and processing
206
38
4.1.1 Lemmatization
206
3
4.1.2 Word-class tagging
209
16
4.1.3 Semantic aspects of tagging
225
6
4.1.4 Parsing
231
13
4.2 Procedures used in corpus analysis
244
15
4.2.1 Word lists
245
2
4.2.2 Concordances
247
11
4.2.3 Statistics in corpus analysis
258
1
4.3 Corpus search and retrieval software
259
9
4.3.1 The Oxford Concordance Program (OCP)
260
1
4.3.2 WordCruncher
261
1
4.3.3 TACT
262
1
4.3.4 Other widely used software for special purposes
263
2
4.3.5 New generation software
265
3
CHAPTER FIVE: Implications and applications of corpus-based analysis
268
27
5.1 Goals of linguistic description and the effect of corpora on methodology
270
6
5.1.1 Language as possibility and language as probability
270
3
5.1.2 The description of English
273
3
5.2 Corpus linguistics and computational linguistics
276
4
5.3 Corpus-based approaches to language teaching
280
15
5.3.1 The content of language teaching
282
6
5.3.2 Language teaching methodology
288
7
References
295
15
Index
310