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Tables of Contents for Sensation and Perception
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction to Perception
1
34
The Importance of Perception
2
2
The Perceptual Process
4
4
The Environmental Stimulus and the Attended Stimulus
4
1
The Stimulus on the Receptors
4
1
Transduction
5
1
Neural Processing
5
1
Perception
6
1
Recognition
6
1
Action
6
1
Knowledge
7
1
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
8
1
Studying the Perceptual Process
8
3
Levels of Analysis
8
1
Cognitive Influences on Perception
9
2
Cross-Talk Between the Levels of Analysis
11
1
The Psychophysical Approach: Linking Stimulation and Perception
11
2
Description: The Phenomenological Method
12
1
Recognition: Categorizing a Stimulus
12
1
Detection
12
1
Summary Table 1.1
13
5
Perceiving Magnitude: Magnitude Estimation
16
2
Searching
18
1
Other Methods
18
1
The Physiological Approach: Linking Stimulation and Neural Firing
18
10
The Physiological Approach: Early History
18
1
Neurons and Electrical Signals
19
1
Recording Electrical Signals in Neurons
20
2
Basic Properties of Action Potentials
22
1
Chemical and Electrical Events at the Synapse
23
1
Basic Structure of the Brain
24
2
Studying Brain Activity in Humans
26
2
The Approach in This Book
28
2
Studying Perception at the Psychophysical and Physiological Levels
28
1
Going Beyond Perception to Study Recognition and Action
28
1
Considering Perception Across the Senses
28
1
Focusing on Cutting-Edge Research on Plasticity and Brain Imaging
28
1
How to Get the Most Out of This Book
29
1
Summary Table 1.2
30
1
Study Questions
31
4
Receptors and Neural Processing
35
42
The Stimulus for Vision and the Structure of the Visual System
37
3
Light: The Stimulus for Vision
37
2
The Visual System
39
1
The First Transformations: Light, Receptors, and Electricity
40
8
Light Is Reflected into the Eye and Focused on the Retina
40
3
Light Stimulates the Rod and Cone Receptors
43
5
Visual Pigments and Perception
48
6
Dark Adaptation of the Rods and Cones
49
3
Spectral Sensitivity of the Rods and Cones
52
2
Neural Processing by Convergence
54
1
The Convergence of Rod and Cone Signals
54
1
Summary Table 2.1
55
3
The Rods Are More Sensitive in the Dark than the Cones
55
2
The Cones Result in Better Detail Vision than the Rods
57
1
Neural Processing by Excitation and Inhibition
58
6
Introduction to Neural Circuits
58
2
Introduction to Receptive Fields
60
3
Lateral Inhibition
63
1
Neural Processing and Perception
64
7
Lateral Inhibition and the Hermann Grid
64
2
Lateral Inhibition and Mach Bands
66
2
Lateral Inhibition and Simultaneous Contrast
68
3
Brain Scan: Going Beyond the Information on the Retina
71
1
Across the Senses: The Indirectness of Perception
72
1
Summary Table 2.2
73
1
Study Questions
74
3
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Striate Cortex
77
32
Information Flow and Organization in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
78
3
Information Flow in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
78
1
Organization by Left and Right Eyes
79
1
Organization as a Retinotopic Map
80
1
Organization by Types of Ganglion Cells Arriving at the LGN
80
1
Information Processing in the Striate Cortex (V1)
81
8
The Physiology of Neurons That Respond to Orientation, Length, and Movement
82
3
The Psychophysics of Orientation Detectors
85
3
The Physiology of Neurons That Respond to Spatial Frequency
88
4
The Psychophysics of Spatial Frequency Analyzers
92
Brain Scan: The Oblique Effect in the Striate Cortex
89
5
Summary Table 3.1
94
1
Organization of the Striate Cortex
95
5
The Retinotopic Map on the Cortex
95
1
Location Columns
96
1
Orientation Columns
96
2
Ocular Dominance Columns
98
1
Hypercolumns
98
1
Representation of an Object in the Striate Cortex
99
1
The Plasticity of Perception: Selective Rearing for Orientation
100
3
Across the Senses: Maps and Columns
103
1
Summary Table 3.2
104
1
Study Questions
105
4
Higher-Level Visual Processing
109
36
Higher-Level Processing in the Striate Cortex (V1)
110
2
Processing Streams in the Extrastriate Cortex
112
5
Streams for Information About ``What'' and ``Where''
112
3
Streams for Information About ``What'' and ``How''
115
2
Modularity in the Extrastriate Cortex
117
6
Middle Temporal Cortex (MT): A Module for Movement
118
1
Inferotemporal Cortex (IT): A Module for Form
118
5
Brain Scan: The Human Face Area
123
1
Summary Table 4.1
124
The Sensory Code: How Objects Are Represented in the Visual System
123
4
Specificity Coding
124
1
Distributed Coding
124
3
How Do Neurons Become Specialized?
127
2
Is Neural Selectivity Shaped by Evolution?
127
1
Evidence That Neural Selectivity Is Shaped by Experience
127
2
Connecting Physiology and Perception
129
1
Visual Attention: Visual and Neural Selectivity
130
4
The Selectivity of Attention
130
1
Can We See Without Attention?
131
2
Attention Affects Neural Responding
133
1
The Binding Problem: Combining Information from Different Areas
134
3
The Plasticity of Perception: Improved Neural Response Leads to Improved Perception
137
1
Across the Senses: Neurons That Respond to Vision and Touch
138
2
Summary Table 4.2
140
1
Study Questions
141
4
Perceiving Objects
145
40
The Gestalt Approach to Perceptual Organization: How Elements Are Grouped
146
10
The Beginnings of Gestalt Psychology
146
2
The Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization
148
5
The Gestalt ``Laws'' Are Really Heuristics
153
2
More Principles of Perceptual Organization
155
1
Quantitative Measurement of the Grouping Effects
155
1
Perceptual Segregation: How Objects Are Separated
156
5
The Gestalt Approach to Figure-Ground Segregation
156
2
Modern Ideas About Figure-Ground Segregation
158
3
Summary Table 5.1
161
How Objects Are Constructed
160
10
Marr's Computational Approach to Object Perception
160
3
Feature Integration Theory
163
5
The Recognition-by-Components Approach
168
2
Brain Scan: Representation of Global Three-Dimensional Structure
170
2
Why Are There So Many Approaches to Object Perception?
171
1
The Intelligence of Object Perception
172
6
Why Computers Have Trouble Perceiving Objects
172
3
Heuristics: ``Best Guesses'' for Perception
175
2
Top-Down Processing and Object Perception
177
1
The Plasticity of Perception: The Co-Occurrence Effect
178
1
Across the Senses: Object Perception Across the Senses
179
2
Summary Table 5.2
181
1
Study Questions
182
3
Perceiving Color
185
40
Four Questions About Color
186
4
What Are Some Functions of Color Vision?
186
1
What Physical Attributes Are Associated with Color?
187
2
How Can We Describe Color Experience?
189
1
What Is the Neural Code for Color?
189
1
The Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
190
5
Color-Matching Experiments
190
1
Trichromatic Theory
190
1
Physiology of Trichromatic Theory
191
4
Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision
195
5
The Phenomenological Observations
195
2
Opponent-Process Theory
197
1
The Physiology of Opponent-Process Theory
197
3
What We Still Don't Know About the Code for Color
200
1
Brain Scan: Distributed Nature of Color Representation in the Human Cortex
201
1
Summary Table 6.1
201
Color Deficiency
200
4
Monochromatism
202
1
Dichromatism
203
1
Physiological Mechanisms of Receptor-Based Color Deficiency
203
1
Cortical Color Blindness
204
1
Creating Color Experience
204
2
Color Constancy
206
3
Chromatic Adaptation
207
2
The Effect of Surroundings
209
1
Memory and Color
209
1
Lightness Constancy
209
7
Intensity Relationships: The Ratio Principle
210
1
Lightness Perception in Three-Dimensional Scenes
210
6
The Plasticity of Perception: Color Vision as an Adaptation to the Environment
216
2
Across the Senses: How Color Affects Taste and Smell
218
1
Summary Table 6.2
219
1
Study Questions
220
5
Perceiving Depth and Size
225
44
Oculomotor Cues
226
1
Monocular Cues
227
6
Pictorial Cues
227
4
Movement-Produced Cues
231
2
Binocular Depth Cues
233
9
Binocular Disparity and Stereopsis
233
4
Corresponding Retinal Points
237
2
Random-Dot Stereogram
239
1
Disparity Information in the Brain
240
3
The Correspondence Problem
243
Brain Scan: Stereopsis in the Brain
242
2
Depth Information Across Species
244
3
Summary Table 7.1
247
1
Perceiving Size
248
6
The Holway and Boring Experiment
248
2
Size Constancy
250
4
Visual Illusions
254
7
The Muller-Lyer Illusion
254
3
The Ponzo Illusion
257
1
The Ames Room
258
1
The Moon Illusion
259
2
The Plasticity of Perception: Sensitive Periods in the Development of Binocular Vision
261
3
Across the Senses: Visual and Auditory Space
264
1
Summary Table 7.2
265
1
Study Questions
266
3
Perceiving Movement
269
32
Four Ways to Create Perception of Movement
272
4
Real Movement
272
1
Apparent Movement
272
1
Induced Movement
273
2
Movement Aftereffect
275
1
Studying Movement Perception
275
1
Neural Feature Detectors and Movement Perception
276
3
A Neural Circuit for a Directionally Selective Neuron
277
1
Neural Firing and Judging the Direction of Movement
277
2
Corollary Discharge Theory: Taking Eye Movements into Account
279
4
Information for Movement in the Optic Array
283
1
Local Disturbances in the Optic Array
283
1
Global Optical Flow
283
1
Summary Table 8.1
284
1
Perceptual Organization and Movement Perception
285
5
Movement Creates Perceptual Organization
285
5
The Intelligence of Movement Perception
290
4
Heuristics and Movement Perception
290
2
Meaning and Movement Perception
292
2
Brain Scan: Brain Activity During Apparent Movement by the Human Body
294
1
The Plasticity of Perception: Selective Rearing and Movement Perception
294
1
Across the Senses: Movement Perception Across the Senses
295
2
Summary Table 8.2
297
1
Study Questions
298
3
Perception and Action
301
30
Perception and the Moving Observer
302
5
Gibson's Ecological Approach to Perception
302
1
Environmental Information and Perception: Ecological Optics
303
2
Optic Flow: Self-Produced Information for Perception
305
2
Visual Control of Action
307
9
Moving Through the Environment
308
2
Posture and Balance
310
2
Colliding
312
2
Catching a Fly Ball
314
1
Somersaulting
315
1
Summary Table 9.1
316
4
Neural Mechanisms for the Visual Control of Action
315
3
Judging Slant Based on the Potential for Action
318
2
Grasping Objects: Where Perception Meets the Motor System
320
4
The Neural Pathway for Perception and Action
321
1
Mixing Vision and Action in the Parietal Lobe
321
1
Neurons for Recognizing the Actions of Others
321
2
What Are Mirror Neurons For?
323
1
Brain Scan: The Magnetoencephalogram (MEG): A Way to Measure Rapid Activity in Humans
324
1
Across the Senses: Action, Hearing, and Vision
325
1
Summary Table 9.2
326
1
Study Questions
327
4
Sound, the Auditory System, and Pitch Perception
331
44
The Functions of Hearing
332
2
The Sound Stimulus: Pressure Changes in the Air
334
5
The Sound Stimulus Produced by a Loudspeaker
334
1
Specifying the Amplitude of a Sound Stimulus
335
2
Specifying the Frequencies of Complex Sound Stimuli
337
2
Sound as a Perceptual Response: The Experience of Hearing
339
4
The Range of Hearing
339
1
Loudness
339
3
Pitch
342
1
Timbre
343
1
Summary Table 10.1
343
1
Auditory System: Structure and Function
343
8
The Outer Ear
344
1
The Middle Ear
345
2
The Inner Ear
347
3
The Auditory Pathways
350
1
Frequency Analysis in the Cochlea and Auditory Nerve
351
10
Bekesy's Place Theory of Hearing
351
3
Physiological Evidence for Place Coding
354
1
Psychophysical Masking and Place Coding
355
1
The Basilar Membrane as a Frequency Analyzer
356
3
Why Are the Tuning Curves So Narrow?
359
1
Another Way to Signal Frequency: The Timing of Nerve Firing
359
2
Summary Table 10.2
361
1
Frequency Analysis in the Cortex
361
5
Processing Simple Tones
361
1
Processing Complex Sound Stimuli
362
4
The Plasticity of Perception: Stimulation Changes in the Auditory Cortex
366
2
Brain Scan: Musicians Have Larger Auditory Areas
368
1
Across the Senses: Cross-Modality Experience: Bright Tones and Colored Words
368
2
Summary Table 10.3
370
1
Study Questions
371
4
Auditory Localization, Sound Quality, and the Auditory Scene
375
34
Auditory Localization: Locating Single Sounds in Space
376
10
Information for Azimuth
377
3
Information for Elevation
380
1
Information for Distance
381
1
The Precedence Effect
382
3
The Physiological Basis for Localization
385
1
Brain Scan: A Motion Area in the Auditory Cortex
386
4
Summary Table 11.1
390
1
Sound Quality: What a Stimulus Sounds Like
391
4
Quality Determined by Characteristics of the Sound Source
391
1
Quality Determined by Characteristics of Rooms: Architectural Acoustics
392
1
Identifying Environmental Sounds
393
2
Auditory Scene Analysis: Identifying Sound Sources
395
7
The Problem of Auditory Scene Analysis Principles of Auditory Grouping
396
6
Across the Senses and Plasticity: How Vision Can Affect Hearing
402
3
Summary Table 11.2
405
1
Study Questions
406
3
Speech Perception
409
26
The Speech Stimulus
410
3
Phonemes: Sounds and Meanings
410
1
The Acoustic Signal: Patterns of Pressure Changes
411
2
Problems Posed by the Speech Stimulus
413
3
The Segmentation Problem
413
1
The Variability Problem
413
3
Stimulus Dimensions of Speech Perception
416
4
The Search for Invariant Acoustic Cues: Matching Physical Energy and Phonemes
416
1
Categorical Perception: An Example of Constancy in Speech Perception
417
2
The Multimodal Nature of Speech Perception: Information from Hearing and Vision
419
1
Brain Scan: Activation of Auditory Cortex During Silent Lipreading
420
1
Summary Table 12.1
421
1
Cognitive Dimensions of Speech Perception
421
4
Meaning and Segmentation
422
1
Meaning and Phoneme Perception
423
1
Meaning and Word Perception
423
1
Speaker Characteristics
424
1
The Physiology of Speech Perception
425
2
Neural Responses to Speech and Complex Sounds
425
1
Localization of Function
426
1
Is Speech ``Special''?
427
2
The Plasticity of Perception: Differences Between American and Japanese Listeners
429
1
Across the Senses: Tadoma: ``Hearing'' with Touch
430
1
Summary Table 12.2
431
1
Study Questions
432
3
The Cutaneous Senses
435
38
The Skin and Its Receptors
437
7
The Skin
437
1
Mechanoreceptors in the Skin
437
6
Thermoreceptors: The Neural Response to Temperature
443
1
Neural Processing for Touch
444
7
Mechanoreceptors and the Perception of Details
444
2
Processing in the Cortex
446
5
Summary Table 13.1
451
1
Tactile Object Recognition
451
5
Passive Touch and Active Touch
451
1
Identifying Objects by Haptic Exploration
452
1
The Physiology of Active Touch
453
3
The Plasticity of Perception: Plasticity in the Cutaneous System
456
4
Summary Table 13.2
460
1
Pain Perception: Neural Firing and Cognitive Influences
460
2
The Anatomy and Experience of Pain
461
1
Cognitive and Experiential Aspects of Pain Perception
462
2
Gate Control Theory
464
1
Pain Control by Endorphins
465
Brain Scan: Where Is the Unpleasantness of Pain Signaled in the Brain?
462
5
Across the Senses: Parallels Between Touch and Vision
467
1
Summary Table 13.3
468
1
Study Questions
469
4
The Chemical Senses
473
36
Olfaction: Uses and Facts
475
3
The Olfactory System
478
4
The Olfactory Mucosa
478
3
The Brain
481
1
The Neural Code for Odor Molecules
482
4
The Response of ORNs
482
1
The Response of Glomeruli
483
1
The Olfactory Code Is a Pattern
484
1
Central Processing of Olfactory Information
485
1
Brain Scan: Sniff Responses in the Human Brain
486
1
Summary Table 14.1
487
1
The Taste System
487
3
The Tongue and Transduction
487
2
Central Destinations of Taste Signals
489
1
Taste Quality
490
1
The Four Basic Taste Qualities
490
1
The Genetics of Taste Experience
491
1
The Neural Code for Taste Quality
491
4
Distributed Coding
492
1
Specificity Coding
493
1
Is Coding Distributed or Specific?
493
2
The Perception of Flavor
495
7
Flavor = Taste + Olfaction
496
2
Changes in Flavor During a Meal
498
1
The Physiology of Flavor Perception
499
3
The Plasticity of Perception: Learning Smell-Taste Associations
502
1
Across the Senses: Seeing a Smell: A Colorometric Electronic Nose
503
2
Summary Table 14.2
505
1
Study Questions
506
3
Perceptual Development
509
36
Measuring Infant Perception
510
3
Problems in Measuring Infant Perception
510
1
Preferential Looking
511
1
Habituation
511
2
Infant Perceptual Capacities: Vision
513
15
Acuity and Contrast
513
3
Perceiving Objects
516
5
Perceiving Color
521
2
Perceiving Depth
523
3
Perceiving Movement
526
2
Summary Table 15.1
528
1
Infant Perceptual Capacities: Hearing and the Chemical Senses
528
10
Hearing
529
2
Speech Perception
531
3
Olfaction and Taste
534
4
The Plasticity of Perception: The Development of Myopia
538
2
Across the Senses: Intermodal Perception in Infants
540
2
Summary Table 15.2
542
1
Study Questions
543
2
Clinical Aspects of Vision and Hearing
545
19
Visual Impairment
546
1
How Can Vision Become Impaired?
546
1
Focusing Problems
547
4
Myopia
547
1
Hyperopia
547
1
Presbyopia
547
1
Astigmatism
547
4
Decreased Transmission of Light
551
3
What Is Blindness?
551
1
Corneal Disease and Injury
552
1
Clouding of the Lens (Cataract)
553
1
Damage to the Retina
554
3
Diabetic Retinopathy
554
1
Macular Degeneration
555
1
Detached Retina
556
1
Hereditary Retinal Degeneration
557
1
Optic Nerve Damage: Glaucoma
557
1
The Eye Examination
558
7
Who Examines Eyes?
559
1
What Happens During an Eye Exam?
559
6
Summary Table 16.1
565
HEARING IMPAIRMENT
564
19
How Can Hearing Become Impaired?
564
2
Conductive Hearing Loss
566
1
Outer-Ear Disorders
566
1
Middle-Ear Disorders
567
1
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
567
2
Presbycusis
567
1
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
567
1
Tinnitus
568
1
Meniere's Disease
568
1
Neural Hearing Loss
569
1
The Ear Examination and Hearing Evaluation
569
3
Who Examines Ears and Evaluates Hearing?
569
1
What Happens During an Ear Examination and Hearing Evaluation?
569
3
Managing Hearing Loss
572
5
The Plasticity of Perception: Decrease in Cortical Function Due to Aging
577
1
Across the Senses: Deafness and Visual Attention
578
1
Summary Table 16.2
579
1
Study Questions
580
3
Appendix A: Signal Detection: Procedure and Theory
583
8
Is There an Absolute Threshold?
583
1
A Signal Detection Experiment
584
3
Signal Detection Theory
587
4
Signal and Noise
587
1
Probability Distributions
587
1
The Criterion
588
1
The Effect of Sensitivity on the ROC Curve
589
2
Appendix B: Determining Spatial Frequencies Using Fourier Analysis
591
4
Glossary
595
26
References
621
34
Author Index
655
8
Subject Index
663
16
Credits
679