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Tables of Contents for The Irony of Democracy
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
To the Student
ix
To the Instructor
xi
The Irony of Democracy
1
26
The Meaning of Elitism
2
2
The Meaning of Democracy
4
2
Elitism in a Democracy
6
6
Focus: Mass Distrust of America's Elite
7
5
The Meaning of Pluralism
12
1
How Elitism and Pluralism Differ
13
2
Elite and Mass Threats to Democracy
15
7
Focus: Terrorism's Threat to Democracy
19
3
An Elitist Theory of Democracy
22
5
Notes
23
1
Selected Readings
24
3
The Founding Fathers: The Nation's First Elite
27
32
Elites and Masses in the New Nation
28
1
Elite Preferences: Inspiration for a New Constitution
29
4
Formation of a National Elite
33
4
Elite Consensus in 1787
37
3
An Elite in Operation: Conciliation and Compromise
40
3
The Constitution as Elitist Document
43
5
Elitism and the Structure of the National Government
48
5
Focus: James Madison, Suppressing Majority ``Factions''
51
2
Ratification: An Exercise in Political Skills
53
6
Summary
56
1
Notes
57
1
Selected Readings
57
2
The Evolution of American Elites
59
30
Hamilton and the Nation's First Public Policies
60
2
Rise of the Jeffersonians
62
1
Republicans in Power: The Stability of Public Policy
63
2
Rise of the Western Elites
65
1
Elite Cleavage: The Civil War
66
4
Rise of the New Industrial Elite
70
5
Liberal Establishment: Reform as Elite Self-Interest
75
3
Vietnam: Elite Failure to Lead
78
4
The Gulf War: Elite Leadership Restored
82
7
Summary
85
2
Notes
87
1
Selected Readings
87
2
Elites in America
89
32
The Concentration of Corporate Power
90
4
The Global Elites
94
7
Focus: Corporate Merger Mania
94
7
Corporate Elites
101
3
Focus: Greed in the Boardroom
103
1
Government Elites
104
5
Focus: The Bush Restoration
105
4
Elite Recruitment: Getting to the Top
109
3
The Liberal Establishment
112
2
Focus: Elite Attitudes toward Mass Governance
113
1
The Conservative Mood
114
7
Focus: Where to Find the Establishment
115
2
Summary
117
1
Notes
118
1
Selected Readings
119
2
Masses in America
121
32
Elite Gains, Mass Losses
122
6
Inequality in America
128
2
Mass Disaffection from Politics
130
2
Antidemocratic Attitudes among the Masses
132
5
Are the Masses Becoming More Democratic?
137
3
Focus: Mass Confidence in American Institutions
139
1
Mass Political Ignorance
140
3
Mass Political Apathy
143
2
Focus: What if the People Voted on National Issues?
143
2
How Does Democracy Survive?
145
2
The Dangers of Mass Activism
147
6
Summary
150
1
Notes
151
1
Selected Readings
152
1
Elite-Mass Communication
153
26
The News Makers
153
2
The Media's Political Functions
155
4
Bashing America for Fun and Profit
159
4
Liberal Bias in Television News
163
1
Focus: The Hollywood Liberals
163
1
Bias and Slander: Freedoms of the Press
164
2
Media Campaigns
166
3
Media Coverage of Presidential Elections
169
2
Assessing Media Impact
171
8
Focus: Feeding Frenzy in Florida
172
4
Summary
176
1
Notes
177
1
Selected Readings
177
2
American Political Parties: A System in Decay
179
26
The Responsible Party Model in Disarray
180
1
Democratic and Republican Parties: Consensus or Competition?
181
3
Declining Mass Attachments to Parties
184
1
Are Democrats Liberal and Republicans Conservative?
185
4
Focus: Mass Perceptions of the Parties
188
1
Political Parties as Oligarchies
189
3
Presidential Primaries and the Deterioration of Parties
192
4
Focus: Where the Parties Get Their Money
192
3
Focus: Presidential Primaries 2000
195
1
Realignment or Dealignment?
196
3
Independent and Third-Party Politics
199
6
Summary
202
1
Notes
203
1
Selected Readings
203
2
Elections, Money, and the Myths of Democracy
205
28
The Myth of the Policy Mandate
206
1
The Myth of the Policy-Oriented Voter
207
1
The Group Basis of Voting
208
2
The Economic Basis of Voting
210
1
Candidate Image Voting
211
1
Money Drives Elections
212
8
Focus: Images of Bush and Gore, 2000
212
8
Democracy versus the Electoral College
220
5
Focus: Bush v. Gore in the U.S. Supreme Court
224
1
Staying Home on Election Day
225
1
Elections as Symbolic Reassurance
226
7
Summary
230
2
Notes
232
1
Selected Readings
232
1
Organized Interests: Defenders of the Status Quo
233
22
Interest Groups: Democratic or Elitist?
233
2
The Business, Professional, and Class Bias of Interest Groups
235
4
How Well Do Groups Represent Members?
239
4
Focus: Leaders and Followers---The American Association of Retired Persons
242
1
Lobbying: How Organized Interests Influence Government
243
5
PAC Power
248
1
Conservative Influence of Organizations
249
6
Focus: The Business of the Business Roundtable
251
1
Summary
252
1
Notes
253
1
Selected Readings
254
1
The Presidency
255
30
The President as Symbolic Leader
255
3
The Presidency and the Masses
258
3
The President's Formal Powers
261
1
Presidential Powers of Persuasion
262
3
Focus: Sex, Lies, and Impeachment
263
2
George H. W. Bush: The Dual Presidency
265
2
The Clinton Legacy
267
5
Focus: Presidential Sex
271
1
George W., In His Father's Footsteps
272
4
Issues in Presidential Power: The War-Making Controversy
276
4
Watergate and the Limits of Presidential Power
280
5
Summary
282
1
Notes
283
1
Selected Readings
284
1
The Bureaucratic Elite
285
32
Sources of Bureaucratic Power
286
2
Organization of the Washington Bureaucracy
288
3
Focus: Mass Attitudes toward Washington Bureaucracies
288
3
Presidential Control of the Bureaucracy
291
4
Focus: Bureaucratic Maneuvers
294
1
The Budget Maze
295
4
Elite Fiscal Responsibility?
299
4
Bureaucratic Power, Iron Triangles, and Revolving Doors
303
3
The Bureaucratic Elite
306
1
The Regulatory Quagmire
307
5
Focus: The Fed: Money Is Too Important to Be Left to Elected Officials
307
5
Controlling the Bureaucracy: Congress and Courts
312
5
Summary
314
1
Notes
315
1
Selected Readings
315
2
Congress: The Legislative Elite
317
34
The Elite Bias of Congressional Recruitment
318
4
Whom Does Congress Really Represent?
322
3
Congress in Disrepute
325
3
The Elaborate Procedures of Legislative Elites
328
7
Elites within Elites: The Congressional Establishment
335
5
Focus: Challenging Midterm Traditions, 2002
338
2
Conflict and Consensus: Voting in Congress
340
5
Focus: Is ``Congressional Ethics'' an Oxymoron?
344
1
Congress and the President: An Unstable Balance of Power
345
6
Summary
349
1
Notes
349
1
Selected Readings
350
1
Courts: Elites in Black Robes
351
24
Judicial Review as an Elitist Principle
352
1
The Making of a Supreme Court Justice
353
3
The Special Style of Judicial Policy Making
356
4
Focus: Senate Confirmation as Sleazy Spectacle
358
2
The Structure of the Federal Court System
360
2
The Jurisdiction of the Federal Court System
362
2
Judicial Power: Activism versus Self-restraint
364
3
Supreme Court Politics
367
3
Focus: The Supreme Court and Abortion
369
1
Do the Courts Rule the Nation?
370
5
Summary
372
1
Notes
373
1
Selected Readings
374
1
American Federalism: Elites in States and Communities
375
22
Federalism: The Original Division of Power Between Nation and States
376
3
Power Flows to the National Elite
379
2
Money and Power
381
1
The Evolution of American Federalism
381
4
Devolution: Federalism Revived?
385
2
Elite Structures in the States
387
3
Focus: Corporate Elite Structures in the States
389
1
The Old-Community Economic Elites
390
1
The New-Community Political Elites
391
6
Summary
393
2
Notes
395
1
Selected Readings
395
2
Elite Response to Mass Protest
397
28
The History of Black Subjugation
398
2
Twentieth-Century Elite Attitude Change
400
2
Creative Disorder
402
3
Racial Inequity and Affirmative Action
405
6
Elite versus Mass Response to Civil Rights
411
1
Feminism in America
412
3
Women and Work
415
3
Feminism and Elitism
418
7
Focus: Elites, Masses, and Sexual Harassment
420
1
Summary
421
1
Notes
422
1
Selected Readings
423
2
Public Policy: How Elites Make Decisions
425
12
Public Policy and Elite Preference
425
7
Focus: The Elite Think Tanks
430
2
Agenda Setting and ``Nondecisions''
432
5
Summary
434
1
Selected Readings
435
2
Epilogue: What Can Students Do?
437
4
Appendix The Constitution of the United States of America
441
21
Index
462