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Tables of Contents for Humanity
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiv
About the Authors
xix
The Study of Humanity
1
18
Subfields of Anthropology
2
5
Physical/Biological Anthropology
2
2
Archaeology
4
1
Cultural Anthropology
5
1
Anthropological Linguistics
6
1
Applied Anthropology
6
1
Cultural Anthropology Today
7
1
globalization: One Hundred Percent American
8
2
Understanding Human Cultures: Anthropological Approaches
10
2
Holistic Perspective
10
1
Comparative Perspective
10
1
Relativistic Perspective
11
1
The Value of Anthropology
12
2
a closer look: The Cultural Construction of Race
14
2
Summary
16
1
Key Terms
17
1
Suggested Readings
17
2
part I Culture, Language, and Growing Up
19
64
Culture
19
22
Introducing Culture
20
1
a closer look: Five Million Years of Humanity
21
4
Defining Culture
25
3
Shared. . .
25
1
. . .Socially Learned. . .
25
2
. . .Knowledge. . .
27
1
. . .and Patterns of Behavior
27
1
Cultural Knowledge
28
4
Norms
29
1
Values
29
1
Symbols
29
2
Classifications of Reality
31
1
World Views
32
1
Culture and Human Life
32
2
Cultural Knowledge and Individual Behavior
34
2
Biology and Cultural Differences
36
2
Summary
38
1
Key Terms
39
1
Suggested Readings
39
2
Culture and Language
41
24
Humanity and Language
42
1
Some Properties of Language
43
1
Multimedia Potential
43
1
Discreteness
43
1
Arbitrariness
43
1
Productivity
44
1
Displacement
44
1
How Language Works
44
6
Sound Systems
46
1
Variations in Sound Systems
47
1
Words and Meanings
48
2
a closer look: Indian Givers
50
2
Nonverbal Communication
51
1
Language and Culture
52
4
Language and Classifications of Reality
52
1
Language as a Reflection of Culture
53
2
Language and World View
55
1
Social Uses of Speech
56
2
globalization: Globalization and Language
58
3
Summary
61
1
Key Terms
62
1
Suggested Readings
62
3
Enculturation and the Life Cycle
65
18
Growing Up
66
1
Diversity in Child Care
66
2
Two African Examples
68
4
Aka
68
1
Gusii
69
2
Comparisons and Implications
71
1
Life Cycle
72
9
Infancy
74
1
Childhood and Adolescence
74
2
Initiation Rites
76
1
Male Initiation Rituals: A New Guinea Example
76
2
Female Initiation Rituals: Mescalero Apache
78
1
Adulthood
78
1
Old Age
79
2
Summary
81
1
Key Terms
81
1
Suggested Readings
81
2
part II Theories and Methods of Cultural Anthropology
83
38
The Development of Anthropological Thought
83
20
Nineteenth Century: Origins
84
3
Early Twentieth Century: Development
87
4
American Historical Particularism (ca. 1900--1940)
87
2
British Functionalism (ca. 1920--1950)
89
2
Mid-Century Evolutionary Approaches (ca. 1940--1970)
91
1
Anthropological Thought Today: Divisions
92
1
a closer look: Things or Texts?
93
7
Materialism
94
1
Idealism
95
2
Interpretive Anthropology
97
1
Either/Or?
98
1
Why Can't All Those Anthropologists Agree?
99
1
Summary
100
1
Key Terms
101
1
Suggested Readings
101
2
Methods of Investigation
103
18
Ethnographic Methods
104
4
Ethnographic Fieldwork
104
2
Problems and Issues in Field Research
106
2
globalization: Research in an Age of Increasing Ethnic Consciousness
108
4
Fieldwork as a Rite of Passage
110
1
Ethnohistory
111
1
a closer look: Marshall Sahlins, Gananath Obeyesekere, and Captain James Cook
112
1
Comparative Methods
112
5
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
113
2
Controlled Historical Comparisons
115
2
Summary
117
1
Key Terms
118
1
Suggested Readings
118
3
part III The Diversity of Cultures
121
196
Adaptation: Environment and Cultures
121
26
Understanding Human Adaptation
122
1
Foraging
123
5
Foraging and Culture
124
4
Domestication
128
1
globalization: Globalization and the Making of Indianness
129
2
Advantages of Domestication
130
1
Horticulture
131
1
Varieties of Horticulture
131
1
a closer look: Domesticates in the Old and New Worlds
132
3
Cultural Consequences of Horticulture
133
2
Intensive Agriculture
135
4
Varieties of Intensive Agriculture
136
1
Cultural Consequences of Intensive Agriculture
136
3
Pastoralism
139
3
Herding Environments
140
2
The Karimojong: An Example from East Africa
142
1
Adaptation and Culture
142
1
Summary
143
2
Key Terms
145
1
Suggested Readings
145
2
Exchange in Economic Systems
147
18
Reciprocity
149
2
Generalized Reciprocity
149
1
Balanced Reciprocity
150
1
a closer look: ``Insulting the Meat'' among the !Kung
151
3
Negative Reciprocity
153
1
Reciprocity and Social Distance
153
1
Redistribution
154
1
Market Exchange
155
5
Money
155
2
On Market Economies
157
2
Peasant Marketplaces
159
1
globalization: Globalization and Markets
160
3
Summary
163
1
Key Terms
163
1
Suggested Readings
164
1
Marriage, Family, and Residence
165
21
Some Definitions
166
1
Marriage
167
4
Functions of Marriage
168
1
Two Unusual Forms
169
2
Marriage in Comparative Perspective
171
2
Marriage Rules
171
1
How Many Spouses?
172
1
a closer look: Group Marriage in the United States
173
6
Marriage Alliances
176
1
Marital Exchanges
177
2
Kinship Diagrams
179
1
Postmarital Residence Patterns
179
1
Family and Household Forms
180
3
Summary
183
1
Key Terms
184
1
Suggested Readings
184
2
Kinship and Descent
186
22
Why Study Kinship?
187
1
Cultural Variations in Kinship
187
1
Unilineal Descent
188
8
Unilineal Descent Groups
191
2
Descent Groups in Action
193
3
Avunculocality Revisited
196
1
Cognatic Descent
196
2
Cognatic Descent in Polynesia
197
1
Bilateral Kinship
198
1
Influences on Kinship Systems
199
1
Classifying Relatives: Kinship Terminologies
200
5
Cultural Construction of Kinship
200
1
Varieties of Kinship Terminology
201
2
Why Do Terminologies Differ?
203
2
Summary
205
1
Key Terms
206
1
Suggested Readings
206
2
Gender in Comparative Perspective
208
26
Cultural Construction of Gender
209
3
The Hua of Papua New Guinea
210
2
Gender Crossing and Multiple Gender Identities
212
4
Cross-Gender Occupation or Work Roles
215
1
Transvestism
215
1
Associations with Spiritual Powers
215
1
Same-Sex Relations
215
1
The Sexual Division of Labor
216
8
Understanding Major Patterns
218
3
Understanding Variability
221
3
Gender Stratification
224
7
Universal Subordination?
225
3
Influences on Gender Stratification
228
2
Gender Stratification in Industrial Societies
230
1
Summary
231
1
Key Terms
232
1
Suggested Readings
232
2
The Organization of Political Life
234
20
Forms of Political Organization
235
6
Bands
236
1
Tribes
237
2
Chiefdoms
239
1
States
240
1
Social Control and Law
241
2
Social Control
242
1
Law
242
1
Legal Systems
243
5
Self-Help Systems
243
3
Court Systems
246
2
a closer look: Murder among the Cheyenne
248
3
Summary
251
1
Key Terms
252
1
Suggested Readings
252
2
Social Inequality and Stratification
254
18
Systems of Equality and Inequality
255
2
Egalitarian Societies
255
1
Ranked Societies
256
1
Stratified Societies
257
1
Castes in Traditional India
257
2
Classes in Industrial Societies: The United States
259
3
Maintaining Inequality
262
1
globalization: Globalization and Inequality
263
3
Ideologies
264
1
American Secular Ideologies
265
1
Theories of Inequality
266
3
Functionalist Theory
266
1
Conflict Theory
267
1
Who Benefits?
268
1
a closer look: Rewards and Security
269
1
Summary
270
1
Key Terms
271
1
Suggested Readings
271
1
Religion and World View
272
22
Defining Religion
273
2
Beliefs about Supernatural Powers
273
1
Myths and World Views
273
1
Rituals and Symbols
274
1
Theories of Religion
275
4
Intellectual/Cognitive Approaches
276
1
Psychological Approaches
277
1
Sociological Approaches
278
1
Supernatural Explanations of Misfortune
279
4
Sorcery
279
2
Witchcraft
281
1
Interpretations of Sorcery and Witchcraft
281
2
Varieties of Religious Organization
283
5
Individualistic Cults
284
1
Shamanism
285
1
Communal Cults
286
1
Ecclesiastical Cults
287
1
Revitalization Movements
288
4
Melanesian Cargo Cults
289
1
Native American Movements
290
2
Summary
292
1
Key Terms
292
1
Suggested Readings
292
2
Art and the Aesthetic
294
23
The Pervasiveness of Art
296
1
Forms of Artistic Expression
297
4
Body Arts
297
4
a closer look: A Native View of Maori Art
301
6
Visual Arts
301
4
Performance Arts
305
2
Art and Culture
307
3
Secular and Religious Art
307
2
Art and Gender
309
1
globalization: The Arts of Traditional Peoples and the Global Economy
310
4
Social Functions of Art
312
2
Summary
314
1
Key Terms
314
1
Suggested Readings
314
3
part IV Anthropology in the Global Community
317
79
Globalization
317
28
Globalization
318
1
The Development of Global Trade
318
9
European Expansion
318
6
The World and the Industrial Revolution
324
3
The Emergence of the Global Economy
327
1
globalization: The Global Economy and the Future of the Nation-State
328
5
Globalization: The Continuing Process
333
2
a closer look: Islamic Banking
335
1
Population Growth and Inequalities in the Global Economy
335
5
Consequences of Globalization and the Global Economy
340
2
Summary
342
1
Key Terms
343
1
Suggested Readings
343
2
Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict
345
28
Ethnic Groups
346
5
Situational Nature of Ethnic Identity
346
1
Attributes of Ethnic Groups
347
2
Fluidity of Ethnic Groups
349
1
Types of Ethnic Groups
350
1
The Problem of Stateless Nationalities
351
8
Resolving Ethnic Conflict
359
1
Homogenization
359
1
a closer look: Collapse of the Soviet Union
360
4
Segregation
363
1
globalization: A Class of Civilizations?
364
6
Accommodation
364
1
Resolution
365
5
Summary
370
1
Key Terms
371
1
Suggested Readings
371
2
World Problems and the Practice of Anthropology
373
23
Applied Anthropology
374
1
Population Growth
375
4
Anthropological Perspectives on Population Growth
375
1
Costs and Benefits of Children in North America
375
1
Costs and Benefits of Children in the LDCs
376
3
World Hunger
379
5
Scarcity or Inequality?
379
2
Is Technology Transfer the Answer?
381
2
Agricultural Alternatives
383
1
Anthropologists as Advocates
384
8
Indigenous Peoples Today
384
3
Vanishing Knowledge
387
1
Medicines We Have Learned
388
1
Adaptive Wisdom
389
2
Cultural Alternatives
391
1
globalization: Globalization and the Question of Development
392
1
Summary
393
1
Key Terms
394
1
Suggested Readings
394
2
Glossary
396
5
Notes
401
5
Bibliography
406
13
Photo Credits
419
1
Peoples and Cultures Index
420
2
Name Index
422
1
Subject Index
423