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Tables of Contents for Modern Radio Production With Infotrac
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xviii
Foreword
xxi
Part One The Tools
1
126
Production in Modern Radio
2
20
Sound of the Station
4
1
Formats
4
3
Reaching a Specific Audience
5
1
How Target Audiences Affect Format
5
1
How Formats Are Constructed
6
1
Networks
7
1
Other Programming Developments in Radio
8
1
Noncommercial Radio
8
3
Tuning into Technology: Web Radio
9
2
Economics of Noncommercial Radio
11
4
Industry Update: Satellite Radio Goes Coast-to-Coast
13
2
The Role of the Producer in Modern Radio
15
3
Summary
18
4
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance: The Role of the Announcer in Modern Radio
19
3
The Console
22
29
Function of the Console
22
1
Amplification
23
1
Routing
23
1
Mixing
23
1
Understanding Console Function: Some Hypothetical Examples
23
13
Hypothetical Console A
24
3
Hypothetical Console B
27
3
Industry Update: Simplify, Simplify
30
2
Hypothetical Console C
32
3
Hypothetical Console D
35
1
Summary of the Hypothetical Consoles
36
1
Understanding Console Function: Actual Consoles
36
4
Operation of the Console
40
5
The Virtual Console
40
2
Submixing
42
1
Patching
43
2
A Final Look at Two Broadcast Consoles
45
1
Summary
45
6
Applications
47
1
Exercises
48
1
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance
49
2
CD Players, Recordable CDs and Turntables
51
17
Compact Discs
52
4
Tuning into Technology: How a CD Stores Binary Information
54
2
Recordable CDs
56
3
Audio CDs and MP3s
58
1
Structure of a Turntable
59
2
Parts of the Turntable
59
1
The Drive Mechanism
59
1
The Tonearm
59
2
The Disc
61
5
Handling and Cueing a Disc
61
5
Review of Turntable Operation
66
1
Summary
66
2
Applications
66
1
Exercises
67
1
Recording and Playback Devices
68
29
Sampling
69
2
Magnetic Tape
71
9
Digital Audiotape
73
1
Workings of the Digital Tape Machine
74
2
R-DAT Heads and Controls
76
1
Tape Machine Controls and Indicators
77
2
Cueing a Tape
79
1
DAT Playback
79
1
Disk Drive Recording
80
2
Digital Audio Workstations
82
1
Enter Minidiscs
82
2
The Digital Cart Machine
84
2
Tuning into Technology: Digital Sound and Audio Compression
85
1
Analog Tape Machines
86
5
The Heads
87
1
The Tape Transport Mechanism
88
1
Tape Machine Controls and Indicators
89
1
Cueing a Tape
90
1
Heads and Tracks
91
1
How Tracks Work
91
1
Cassette Machines
91
2
Cartridge Machines
93
2
Bulk Eraser
94
1
Summary
95
2
Applications
96
1
Exercises
96
1
Microphones and Sound
97
30
The Basics of Sound
97
8
The Elements of Sound
98
3
The Nature of Sound: Frequency
101
1
The Nature of Sound: Amplitude
101
1
Other Characteristics of Sound
102
1
Tuning into Technology: The Shape of Sound
103
2
Summary of the Basics of Sound
105
1
The Microphone: How It Works
105
9
Electronics of the Microphone
105
2
Pickup (Polar) Patterns of the Microphone
107
4
Frequency Response of Microphones
111
2
Review of Microphone Workings
113
1
Physical Types of Microphones
114
2
Hand-Held
114
1
Studio, Mounted
114
1
Headset
114
1
Lavalier
114
1
Shotgun
114
2
Review of the Physical Types
116
1
Microphone Selection and Use
116
6
Selection by Mic Type
117
1
Selection by Pickup Pattern
117
1
Selection by Element
117
1
Selection by Frequency Response
117
2
Selection by Personality
119
1
Adding Up Selection Factors
119
1
Notes on Microphone Use
119
3
Summary
122
5
Applications
123
1
Exercises
123
1
You're On: Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance: Microphone Techniques for Announcers
124
3
Part Two The Techniques
127
82
Electronic Editing
The Basics of Splicing and Dubbing
129
6
Looking at the Waveform
129
1
Splicing and Editing a Sound File
130
1
Marking the Edit Points
131
3
Nondestructive Editing
134
1
Copying, Pasting and Looping
135
1
Editing with a Minidisc
136
6
Tuning into Technology: The Electronic Edit
137
5
Dubbing
142
1
Advantages of Dubbing
143
1
Review of Dubbing
143
1
Summary
143
3
Applications
144
1
Exercises
145
1
Recorded Program Production
146
19
Recorded versus Live, On-Air Production
146
1
Complexity
146
1
Scheduled Airtime
147
1
Convenience
147
1
Layout of a Production Studio
147
3
Equipment in the Production Studio
149
1
Sound Treatment in the Production Studio
149
1
Working in a Production Studio
150
1
Music
151
3
Sources of Music
151
1
Choosing Music for Production Work
152
1
Styles of Music
153
1
Recorded Voice
154
6
Miking Multiple Speakers
155
3
Communicating with Speakers
158
2
Sound Effects
160
1
Combining Elements in Production
160
3
Industry Update: The Ultimate Recording Studio
161
2
Summary
163
2
Applications
163
1
Exercises
164
1
Live, On-Air Production
165
21
Typical Airshift
165
3
Duties of the On-Air Producer
166
2
Typical Schedule
168
1
Sound of the Station
168
5
Pace
170
1
Content
170
1
Announcing Style
171
1
Blending the Sound Sources
171
1
Industry Update: What to Do . . . and What Not To
172
1
Suggestions for Live, On-Air Production
173
5
Console Operation
173
1
Establishing a Routine
174
1
Planning in Advance
174
1
Being Aware of False Endings
174
1
Recueing Carts
175
1
Listening to the Air Monitor
175
1
Clearing Equipment
175
1
Planning for the Worst
175
1
Tuning into Technology: Automated Software Programs
176
2
Working with Satellite Services
178
3
The Satellite Feed
179
1
Programming from Satellite
179
1
How to Use Service Material
180
1
Summary
181
5
Applications
181
1
Exercises
182
1
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance: Ad-Libbing
183
3
More About the Computer in Radio Production
186
23
Computer Basics
186
2
Computer-Generated Effects
188
3
Computer-Assisted Editing
191
8
Industry Update: SmartSound
192
7
Computers in Automation
199
5
Computers in the Programming Function
204
1
Digital Audio Broadcasting
205
1
Summary
206
3
Applications
207
1
Exercises
207
2
Part Three The Applications
209
192
Achieving an Effect
210
17
What Is an Effect?
210
1
Kinds of Effects
211
1
How Production Elements Support a Theme
211
2
Creating Excitement
212
1
Creating Immediate Identification
212
1
Evoking an Emotion
213
1
Summary of Effects
213
1
How a Producer Uses Production Elements
213
9
Music
213
2
Sound Effects
215
1
Coloration of Sound
216
1
Timing and Pace
217
1
Voice Quality
218
1
Sound of Words
218
1
Industry Update: Achieving an Effect and the Bottom Line: Production Promotion
219
2
Copywriting
221
1
Using Elements of Sound to Achieve an Effect
222
2
Putting Voice on Tape
222
1
Recording Music on Tape
223
1
Summary
224
3
Applications
225
1
Exercises
226
1
Drama and Dramatic Elements in Radio Production
227
10
The Structure of Drama
227
2
Action
228
1
Dialogue
228
1
Plot
228
1
Beginning, Middle, and End
228
1
Conflict
228
1
Suspense
228
1
Exposition
229
1
Role of Dramatic Elements in Commercial Production
229
2
Capturing Attention
229
2
Compressing Time
231
1
Role of Dramatic Elements in News Production
231
1
Technical Considerations of Radio Drama
232
2
Giving the Illusion of Place
233
1
Giving the Illusion of Movement
233
1
Making the Background a Fabric of Believability
233
1
Mic Techniques to Achieve Illusions of Place and Movement
234
1
Sound Design
234
1
Summary
234
3
Applications
235
1
Exercise
235
2
Commercial Production
237
20
What Makes a Commercial Effective?
238
1
Elements of Effective Radio Advertising
239
1
A Shoe Store Advertisement
240
1
A Car Dealership Advertisement
240
1
Practical Approaches to Radio Commercials
240
8
Advertising Appeals
241
3
Execution of Radio Commercials
244
3
Industry Update: The Home Studio: Technology Makes Big-Time Sound Available to Small Production Agencies
247
1
Suggestions for Producing Effective Commercials
248
3
Know Your Audience
248
1
Avoid Gimmicks
249
1
Summarize the Thrust
249
1
Don't Blast the Listener
249
1
Read the Spot to the Client
249
1
Don't Force Humor
250
1
Achieve High Technical Quality
250
1
Don't Overuse a Particular Piece of Music
250
1
Keep the Message Simple
250
1
Avoid the ``Big Five''
250
1
Production Applications in Station Promotion
251
2
Summary
253
4
Applications
253
1
Exercises
254
1
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance
255
2
Radio Production for News and Public Affairs
257
50
News Gathering
258
1
News Writing
259
1
News Assembly
260
18
Choosing Stories and Story Order
260
1
Choosing Sound Elements
260
1
Industry Update: A Quick Primer on Radio Newswriting
261
17
News Reading and Reporting
278
1
News and Public-Affairs Programming
279
1
Newscasts
279
7
Exclusively Local News
281
1
Local News with Wire Copy
281
4
News with Wire Copy and Network Audio
285
1
Talk Shows
286
1
Special Events
287
1
Production Techniques for News and Public Affairs
287
6
Interviewing
287
1
Story and Actuality Editing
288
1
Using Sound Sources in Radio News Production
289
1
Using the Telephone to Maximum Benefit
289
2
Using Modern News-Gathering Technology
291
1
Making the Newscast a Cohesive, Unified Whole
292
1
Summary
293
14
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance
294
11
Applications
305
1
Exercises
305
2
Remote and Sports Production
307
16
Remote Radio Equipment
308
6
Telephone Lines
308
2
Tuning into Technology: Getting the Signal from There to Here
310
2
Other Equipment
312
2
Planning the Remote
314
3
Preparing the Site
315
1
Preparing the Equipment
316
1
Preparing a Communication System
316
1
The Sports Remote
317
3
Baseball
318
1
Hockey
318
1
Football
318
1
Basketball
319
1
Field Sports
319
1
Boxing
319
1
A Final Note
320
1
Summary
320
3
Applications
321
1
Exercises
321
2
Advanced Radio Production
323
20
Multichannel Recording
323
8
Input Modules
326
2
Output Buses
328
1
Monitor Controls
328
1
Further Note About Multichannel Consoles
329
1
Role of Multitrack Recording
329
1
Industry Update: A Simple Multichannel Console
329
2
Stereo
331
1
Recording Music
331
4
Total-Sound Recording Microphone Techniques
332
2
Isolated-Component Recording
334
1
Electronic Equipment and Its Use in Radio Production
335
6
Equipment
336
3
Techniques
339
2
Summary
341
2
Applications
341
1
Exercises
342
1
Production, Programming, and the Modern Format
343
58
The Audience and the Format
343
7
The Audience
344
1
Methods of Measuring Audience
345
3
Calculating How Efficiently a Station Reaches Its Audience
348
1
Paying for Efficiency
348
2
The Specifics of the Radio Format
350
4
Defining Current Formats
350
4
Filling the Niche: Today's Trends
354
1
On-Air and Off-Air Production in the Modern Format
354
10
Production and Tune-Out
354
1
Industry Update: Format Trends and What the Producer Needs to Know About Them
355
4
Production for Adult Contemporary
359
1
Production for Album-Oriented Rock
360
1
Production for Country
360
1
Production for Easy Listening
361
1
Production for News/Talk
361
1
Production for Top 40/CHR
362
1
Production for Urban/Churban/Rhythmic Top 40
363
1
Putting the Format on Air
364
1
The Format and Sound Hour
364
1
Constructing the Playlist
365
1
Conclusion
365
1
Summary
365
6
You're On! Rotating New Music
366
3
Exercises
369
2
Appendixes
A Another Time: A Play
371
10
Richard Wilson
B A Capsule History of Radio: Past Meets Future for the Modern Producer and Programmer
381
20
The Beginnings of the Magic Medium
381
1
Radio Finds a Voice
382
1
Radio After World War I
383
2
Radio Carries a Tune
385
1
Radio After KDKA: The Coming Chaos
386
1
AT&T Develops Toll Broadcasting
387
1
Exit AT&T
388
1
Development of the Networks
388
1
NBC and CBS
389
1
New Competitors Set Their Sights on NBC
389
1
Paley Takes Over CBS
390
1
Advertising Comes of Age
390
1
The Golden Age and Mass Entertainment
391
1
Sidebar: David Sarnoff and William S. Paley
392
3
Radio Comes of Age
395
3
Television Lowers the Boom
398
1
Rock Saves Radio
399
1
Radio Tunes into Its Audience
400
1
Glossary
401
12
Suggested Readings
413
4
Web Links
417
3
Credits
420
1
Index
421