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Tables of Contents for Theatre
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
Part One Theatre's Seeing Spaces
Discovering Theatre
3
22
The Immediate Art
3
1
Theatre's Immediacy
4
1
Theatre's Aliveness
5
2
Theatre's Doubleness
7
5
Photo Essay: Types of Contemporary Theatres
8
4
Theatre and Life
12
1
Theatre's Fictions
13
1
Theatre's Illusion
14
1
Theatre's Spaces
14
4
Photo Essay: Stage Actors Perform Shakespeare in Film
15
3
Theatre's Audiences
18
2
Waiting for Godot
20
3
Transition
23
1
Web Sites
23
2
The Seeing Place
25
30
Ritual and Theatre
25
2
Western Theatre
27
2
The Greek Theatre
27
2
Playwright: Aeschylus and the Athenian Festivals
29
1
Tropes
30
4
Medieval Theatre
30
3
The Elizabethan Theatre
33
1
Playwright: William Shakespeare
34
6
Photo Essay: Elizabethan Theatres and Modern Reconstructions
35
1
The Proscenium Theatre
36
4
Eastern Theatre
40
2
The Chinese Theatre
40
2
Playwright: Tang Xianzu
42
2
Actor: Mei Lanfang
44
7
Japanese Theatre
44
1
Photo Essay: Eastern Influences on Western Theatre The Caucasian Chalk Circle Pacific Overtures Richard II The King Stag The Mahabharata Drums on the Dike
45
6
Playwright: Chikamatsu Monzaemon
51
1
Doll Puppets: Bunraku
52
1
Transition
53
1
Web Sites
53
2
Alternative Theatrical Spaces
55
18
Forerunners of Alternative Approaches
56
1
The Polish Laboratory Theatre
56
1
Grotowski's ``Poor'' Theatre
56
1
Director: Jerzy Grotowski
57
3
The Living Theatre
60
1
The Brig
60
1
The Living Theatre's Gurus: Julian Beck and Judith Malina
61
2
The Living Theatre on Tour
62
1
Theatre Du Soleil
63
1
Ariane Mnouchkine's Environmental Space
63
1
Director: Ariane Mnouchkine
64
4
Photo Essay: Environmental Theatre: A Forty-Year Perspective The Polish Laboratory Theatre The Living Theatre The Performance Group New York Theatre Strategy Theatre du Soleil
66
2
The Bread and Puppet Theatre
68
1
Puppeteer: Peter Schumann
68
3
Peter Schumann's Open-Air Performances
68
2
Domestic Resurrection Circus
70
1
Transition
71
1
Web Sites
71
2
Part Two Theatre's Writers, Voices, and Forms
The Image Makers: The Playwright
73
26
The Playwright
73
1
The Play: A Blueprint Not Yet Built
73
1
The Playwright's Beginnings
74
1
Playwright: Edward Albee
75
1
The Playwright's Role
76
1
Playwright: Marsha Norman
77
5
Photo Essay: Women Playwrights: Emerging Voices and New Perspectives Lillian Hellman Lorraine Hansberry Maria Irene Fornes Tina Howe Caryl Churchill Wendy Wasserstein Paula Vogel Suzan-Lori Parks
78
4
Playwright: Sam Shepard
82
1
The Playwright's Tools
83
1
Playwright: David Mamet
84
2
The Playright and the Industry
86
1
Playwright: August Wilson
87
2
Playwright: Tennessee Williams
89
1
Playwright: Arthur Miller
90
1
New American Writing: Alternative Voices
91
3
Gay and Lesbian Writing
91
1
African American Writing
92
1
Asian American Writing
93
1
U.S. Latino/a Writing
93
1
Alternate Voices
Pearl Cleage Rebecca Gilman Philip Kan Gotanda David Henry Hwang Eduardo Machado Terrence McNally Diana Son Cheryl L. West George C. Wolfe
94
3
Transition
97
1
Web Sites
97
2
Perspectives and Forms of Theatrical Writing
99
30
Drama's Perspectives
99
1
Tragedy
99
2
The Tragic Vision
100
1
Tragic Realization
100
1
Aristotle on Tragedy
100
1
Euripides' Medea as Tragedy
100
1
Sophocles' Oedipus the King
101
1
Playwright: Euripides
102
1
Comedy
103
1
The Comic Vision
103
1
Playwright: Moliere
104
1
Tragicomedy
104
2
Definitions
104
2
Anton Chekhov's The Three Sisters
106
2
Modern Tragicomedy
107
1
Playwright: Samuel Beckett
108
1
Melodrama
109
1
The Mixed Form
109
1
Melodrama's View of Life
109
1
Farce
109
1
Lillian Hellman's The Little Foxes
110
1
The ``Psychology'' of Farce
110
1
Adaptations
111
1
Michael Frayn's Noises Off
112
6
Adapting for the Stage
113
1
Photo Essay: Recent Adaptations for the American Theatre The Grapes of Wrath Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde
114
4
Playwright: Bertolt Brecht
118
1
Epic Theatre
118
2
The Epic Play
118
2
Dramatic Theatre Versus Epic Theatre
120
2
Epic Theatre as Eyewitness Account
120
1
The Alienation Effect
121
1
Absurdist Theatre
122
1
The Absurd
122
1
Playwright: Eugene Ionesco
123
2
The American ``Absurd''
124
1
Eugene Ionesco's The Bald Soprano
125
2
Transition
127
1
Web Sites
127
2
Structures of Seeing
129
28
Drama: The Playwright's Art
129
3
Drama as Imitation
129
2
Drama's Elements
131
1
Playwright: Henrik Ibsen
132
1
Play Structures
132
1
Climactic Structure
132
1
Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts
133
3
Episodic Structure
133
3
Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House
136
2
Situational Structure
137
1
Bertolt Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle
138
1
Recent Structures
139
1
Solo Texts
139
1
Exceprpt from The Bald Soprano
140
2
Solo Performer: Spalding Gray
142
1
Excerpt from Spalding Gray's Monster in a Box
143
1
Samuel Beckett's Rockaby with Text
144
5
Monodrama
145
4
Postmodern Theatre
149
3
Theatre of Images
150
2
Playwright-Director-Designer: Robert Wilson
152
3
Photo Essay: Theatre for a High-Tech World Einstein on the Beach The Forest 1,000 Airplanes on the Roof The Voyage The Days Before: Death Destruction & Detroit III
153
2
Transition
155
1
Web Sites
155
2
Drama's Conventions and Language
157
32
Drama's Conventions
157
2
Stage Directions
157
2
Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire
159
2
Exposition
160
1
``Stage Directions'' in Shakespeare's Hamlet
161
1
Euripides' Prologue in The Trojan Women
162
2
Point of Attack
163
1
Complication, Crisis, Climax
163
1
Shakespeare's Macbeth
164
1
Resolutions or Endings
165
1
Simultaneous Plots
165
1
Conventions of Time
165
1
Dramatic Versus Actual Time
165
1
Shakespeare's Hamlet
166
1
Playwright: Luigi Pirandello
167
1
Conventions of Metaphor
167
1
The Play-Within-the-Play
167
1
Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author (with text)
168
5
Photo Essay: The Play-Within-the-Play: Traditional and Modern Hamlet Six Characters in Search of an Author The Caucasian Chalk Circle Marat/Sade Noises Off
170
3
Drama's Language
173
2
Words and Gestures
173
2
Verbal and Nonverbal Language
175
1
Types of Stage Language
175
1
Shakespeare's Verse
175
1
Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard
176
2
Chekhov's Sounds and Silences
177
1
Soliloquy from Hamlet
178
2
Brecht's Gestic Language
179
1
Anton Chekhov's Sound Effects in The Cherry Orchard
180
2
Playwright: Anton Chekhov
182
1
Contemporary Trends in American Theatre
183
1
David Mamet's Wordsmiths in Glengarry Glen Ross
184
3
David Mamet's Wordsmiths
184
3
Transition
187
1
Web Sites
187
2
Part Three Theatre's Practitioners
The Image Makers: The Actor
189
24
Acting---The Astonishing Art
189
1
Acting Is Doing
189
1
The Actor's Reality
190
4
External Technique
190
3
Internal Belief
193
1
The Actor's Tools
193
1
The Actor's Training
194
2
Preparing the Role
194
2
Lee Strasberg and the Actors Studio
196
2
Sanford Meisner's Foundation Technique
197
1
Actor: Uta Hagen
198
4
Improvisation
199
1
Practical Aesthetics
199
1
Physical and Vocal Training
200
2
Director/Teacher: Anne Bogart
202
1
Voice Coach: Cicely Berry
203
8
Rehearsals and Performance
204
1
The Actor in Film
204
1
Photo Essay: Great Moments in Acting Jessica Tandy Bert Lahr James Earl Jones George Grizzard Cherry Jones Janet McTeer
205
6
Transition
211
1
Web Sites
211
2
The Image Makers: The Director
213
24
Forerunners
213
1
Actor-Manager: Caroline Neuber
214
1
The Director as Artist
214
1
Producer-Director: Duke of Saxe-Meiningen Georg II
215
1
Producer-Director: Andre Antoine
216
1
Producer-Director: Konstantin Stanislavski
217
1
Early Responsibilities: Play Selection, Casting, Conferences
217
1
Director: Peter Brook
218
2
The Director's Assistants
219
1
Dramaturgy and the Production Dramaturg
220
1
Directing Approaches and Styles
220
1
Stage Vocabulary
221
2
Preplanned Approach
221
1
Collaborative Approach
222
1
Bertolt Brecht's Approach to Directing
223
5
Photo Essay: The Director as Creator Peter Brook Ariane Mnouchkine Andrei Serban Julie Taymor Robert Wilson
224
4
The Director's Vision
228
1
The New Collaborators
228
1
Pina Busch, Martha Clarke, Robert Wilson
228
1
Director: Elia Kazan
229
1
Elia Kazan's Director's Notebook for A Streetcar Named Desire
230
2
Director: Alan Schneider
232
1
Director/Choreographers: Martha Clarke and Pina Bausch
233
2
Transition
235
1
Web Sites
235
2
The Image Makers: The Designers Scenery, Costumes, Makeup, Masks, Wigs & Hair
237
26
The Scene Designer
237
2
Background
237
2
Designers: Appia and Craig
239
2
The Designer's Training
239
1
Designing for the Theatre
240
1
Designers: Ming Cho Lee and John Lee Beatty
241
6
Photo Essay: Modern Stage Designs Jo Mielziner's A Streetcar Named Desire and Death of a Salesman Teo Otto's Mother Courage and Her Children Josef Svoboda's Oedipus the King John Lee Beatty's The Heiress
244
3
The Costume Designer
247
1
The Costume
247
1
Costume Designer: Patricia Zipprodt
248
4
Photo Essay: Broadway Set and Costume Designers at Work John Lee Beatty Bob Crowley Jane Greenwood William Ivey Long John Napier Ian MacNeil Martin Pakledinaz Anthony Powell Robin Wagner Tony Walton
249
3
Costume Designer: Theoni V. Aldredge
252
1
Costume Designers: Jane Greenwood and William Ivey Long
253
2
The Designer's Process
253
2
Costume Construction: Barbara Matera
255
2
Makeup, Masks, Wigs & Hair
257
3
Makeup
257
1
Masks
258
1
Wig & Hair Design
259
1
Wig and Hair Designer: Paul Huntley
260
1
Transition
261
1
Web Sites
261
2
The Image Makers: Designers Lighting, Sound, and Computer Technologies
263
24
The Lighting Designer
263
1
Background
263
1
Lighting Designer: Jennifer Tipton
264
5
The Art of Light
266
1
The Designer's Process
267
1
The Designer's Working Methods
267
1
Special Lighting Effects
268
1
The Designer's Assistants
268
1
Lighting Designers: Jules Fisher, Peggy Eisenhauer and Tharon Musser
269
3
Photo Essay: Lighting Instruments, Control Consoles, and Accessories Ellipsoidals Fresnels Follow Spotlights Striplights Control Consoles LCD Displays and Monitors Dimmer Racks
270
2
The Sound Designer
272
1
The Art of Theatrical Sound
272
1
Sound Designer: Abe Jacob
273
3
Sound Designer: Jonathan Deans
276
1
Sound Design: Laurie Anderson and Moby Dick
277
1
The Designer's Working Methods
277
1
Special Effects with Sound
278
1
Computer-Aided Design: Scenery, Costumes, Lighting, and Sound
278
4
Photo Essay: New Stage Technologies Automated Lighting Instruments Intercom Systems Portable Sound Systems
280
2
Technical Production
282
3
The Production Team
282
3
Transition
285
1
Web Sites
285
2
The Image Makers: The Producer
287
24
Producing on Broadway
287
5
The Broadway Producer
287
3
Photo Essay: Broadway's ``Hottest'' Property: The Musical Aida The Lion King Fosse Chicago Rent The Phantom of the Opera
290
2
Producer: Cameron Mackintosh
292
3
Broadway Contracts
295
1
Playwrights' Agent: Audrey Wood
296
2
Producing off Broadway
298
1
Producer: Daryl Roth
299
2
Producing in Regional Theatres
301
4
Literary Management and Literary Managers
305
2
Producing Director: Zelda Fichandler
307
1
Artistic Director: Gregory Boyd
308
1
Transition
309
1
Web Sites
309
2
Part Four Theatre's Modern Diversity
Re-Imaging Cultures: Theatrical Diversity
311
28
Cultural Links
311
2
Multiculturalism
312
1
Interculturalism
312
1
Transculturalism
312
1
Peter Brook and the Mahabharata
313
1
The Mahabharata
314
1
Julie Taymor and Juan Darien
315
1
Creator: Julie Taymor
316
2
Ariane Mnouchkine and Les Atrides
318
2
Cultural Diversity and Performance Art
320
4
Photo Essay: Re-imaging Cultures Peter Brook Ariane Mnouchkine Andrei Serban Julie Taymor
321
3
Today's Performance Artists: Eric Bogosian, Eve Ensler, Karen Finley, Guillermo Gomez-Pena, Holly Hughes, John Leguizamo
324
2
The Solo Performance
326
1
Fires in the Mirror: Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and Other Identities; Twilight: Los Angeles 1992; and House Arrest by Anna Deavere Smith
326
1
Performance Artist: Anna Deavere Smith
327
10
Staging Ethnic Diversity
329
6
Cultural Separatism or Cultural Fusion?
335
2
Transition
337
1
Web Sites
337
2
Part Five Theatre's Critics
Viewpoints
339
26
Criticism
339
1
Seeing Theatre
340
2
Audiences as Critics
340
1
Audience Viewpoints
341
1
Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman
342
1
Tony Kushner's Angels in America, Part Two: Perestroika
343
2
Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie
345
1
The Professional Critic
346
1
The Critic's Job
346
1
Today's Leading Critics
347
3
The Critic's Creativity
348
1
The Critic's Questions
348
1
Performance Notes
349
1
Theatre Critics: George Jean Nathan, Claudia Cassidy, Brooks Atkinson, Ben Brantley, Gussow
350
2
Theatre Scholarship
351
1
Critical Standards
352
1
Writing the Theatre Review
352
4
Photo Essay: Critics at Work
353
3
Frank Rich on Beckett's Rockaby
356
1
Three Working Critics
356
7
Brooks Atkinson on A Streetcar Named Desire
356
3
Kenneth Tynan on Look Back in Anger
359
2
Edith Oliver on American Buffalo
361
2
Transition
363
1
Web Sites
363
2
Glossary
365
10
Appendix A: Suggested Readings
375
8
Appendix B: Notes
383
6
Acknowledgments
389
4
Index
393