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Tables of Contents for The Cosmos With Infotrac
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
A Grand Tour of the Heavens
1
19
Looking Back in Time
1
1
Observing the Universe
2
1
Figure It Out Keeping Track of Space and Time
3
1
Figure It Out Scientific Notation
4
1
Observing the Constellations
5
4
The Autumn Sky
6
2
The Winter Sky
8
1
The Spring Sky
8
1
Starparties Using the Sky Maps
9
1
The Summer Sky
10
1
Distances in the Universe
10
1
The Value of Astronomy
11
1
A Closer Look A Sense of Scale: Measuring Distances
12
4
Origins
15
1
The Scientific Method
16
1
Science and Pseudoscience
17
3
Light, Matter, and Energy: Powering the Universe
20
14
The Spectrum
22
1
Figure It Out The Nature of Light
23
1
Black Bodies and Their Radiation
24
1
Atoms and Spectral Lines
24
1
Figure It Out Black-Body Radiation
25
2
The Bohr Atom
27
2
The Doppler Effect
29
2
Figure It Out Temperature Conversions
31
3
Light and Telescopes: Extending Our Senses
34
20
Light and Telescopes
35
4
Figure It Out Light-Gathering Power of a Telescope
39
1
Figure It Out Changing Units
40
1
Wide-Field Telescopes
41
1
Amateur Telescopes
42
1
The Hubble Space Telescope
43
1
Solar Telescopes
44
1
Outside the Visible Spectrum
44
4
X-ray and Gamma-ray Telescopes
44
1
Telescopes for Ultraviolet Wavelengths
45
1
Infrared Telescopes
46
1
Radio Telescopes
47
1
Figure It Out Angular Resolution of a Telescope
48
2
A Closer Look A Night at Mauna Kea
50
4
people in Astronomy
52
2
Jeff Hoffman
Observing the Stars and Planets: Clockwork of the Universe
54
22
The Phases of the Moon and Planets
55
3
Eclipses
58
4
Lunar Eclipses
59
1
Solar Eclipses
60
2
Starparties Observing Solar Eclipses
62
1
Twinkling
63
1
The Concept of Apparent Magnitude
63
1
Rising and Setting Stars
64
1
Figure It Out Using the Magnitude Scale
65
1
A Closer Look Photographing the Stars
66
1
Celestial Coordinates
66
1
Figure It Out Sidereal Time
67
1
The Motions of the Sun, Moon, and Planets
68
3
The Seasons and the Path of the Sun
68
3
Starparties The Paths of the Moon and Planets
71
1
Time and the International Date Line
71
2
Calendars
73
3
Gravitation and Motion: The Early History of Astronomy
76
20
Survey of the Solar System
77
2
Starparties Prograde and Retrograde Motions
79
1
The Earth-Centered Astronomy of Ancient Greece
79
2
A Closer Look Ptolemaic Terms
81
1
Copernicus and His Sun-Centered Universe
81
1
Lives in Science Copernicus
82
1
Tycho Brahe
83
1
Lives in Science Tycho Brahe
84
1
Johannes Kepler
85
1
Kepler's First Law
85
1
Lives in Science Johannes Kepler
86
1
Kepler's Second Law
86
1
Kepler's Third Law
86
1
Figure It Out Kepler's Third Law
87
1
A Closer Look Kepler's Laws
88
1
Galileo Galilei
88
1
Lives in Science Galileo
89
1
Starparties Galileo's Observations
90
1
Lives in Science Isaac Newton
91
1
Isaac Newton
91
1
Figure It Out Newton's Version of Kepler's Third Law
92
1
A Closer Look Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
93
1
The Rotation and Revolution of the Planets
93
1
Figure It Out Orbital Speed of Planets
94
2
The Terrestrial Planets: Earth, Moon, and Their Relatives
96
38
Our Earth
97
1
A Closer Look Comparative Data for the Terrestrial Planets and Their Moons
98
1
The Earth's Interior
98
1
A Closer Look Density
99
7
Continental Drift
100
1
Tides
101
2
The Earth's Atmosphere
103
2
The Van Allen Belts
105
1
The Moon
106
2
The Moon's Appearance
106
1
The Lunar Surface
107
1
A Closer Look The First People on the Moon
108
5
The Lunar Interior
111
1
The Origin of the Moon
112
1
Rocks from the Moon
113
1
Mercury
113
4
The Rotation of Mercury
114
1
Mercury Observed from the Earth
115
1
Mercury from Mariner 10
116
1
A Closer Look Naming the Features of Mercury
117
1
Mercury Research Rejuvenated
118
1
Mercury's History
118
1
Back to Mercury, at Last
118
1
Venus
118
6
The Atmosphere of Venus
119
1
The Rotation of Venus
120
1
The Temperature of Venus
120
2
Venus's Atmosphere (and Lack of Magnetic Field) Observed from Space
122
1
Venus's Surface
123
1
Mars
124
10
Characteristics of Mars
124
2
Mars's Surface
126
2
Mars's Atmosphere
128
1
The Search for Life
129
5
The Jovian Planets: Windswept Giants
134
28
Jupiter
135
1
A Closer Look Comparative Data for the Major Worlds
136
1
A Closer Look Comparative Data for Some Minor Worlds
137
1
Spacecraft to Jupiter
137
1
The Great Red Spot
137
1
Figure It Out The Size of Jupiter
138
1
Jupiter's Atmosphere
138
1
Starparties Observing the Giant Planets
139
5
Jupiter's Interior
139
1
Jupiter's Magnetic Field
140
1
Jupiter's Ring
140
1
Jupiter's Galilean Satellites
140
4
A Closer Look Jupiter and Its Satellites in Mythology
144
1
Saturn
144
4
Saturn's Rings
144
3
Saturn's Atmosphere
147
1
Saturn's Interior and Magnetic Field
147
1
A Closer Look Saturn's Satellites in Mythology
148
1
Saturn's Moon Titan
148
1
Uranus
149
3
Uranus's Atmosphere
150
1
Uranus's Rings
151
1
Uranus's Interior and Magnetic Field
152
1
Neptune
152
2
Neptune's Atmosphere
153
1
A Closer Look Uranus and Neptune in Mythology
154
2
Neptune's Interior and Magnetic Field
154
2
A Closer Look Naming the Rings of Neptune
156
6
Neptune's Rings
156
1
Neptune's Moon Triton
156
4
people in Astronomy
160
2
Carolyn Porco
Pluto, Comets, and Space Debris
162
26
Pluto
164
4
Pluto's Mass and Size
164
1
Pluto's Atmosphere
165
2
What Is Pluto?
167
1
A Closer Look Is Pluto a Planet?
168
Kuiper-Belt Objects
167
2
Comets
169
8
The Composition of Comets
169
1
The Origin and Evolution of Comets
170
2
Halley's Comet
172
2
Comet [Shoemaker-]Shoemaker-Levy 9
174
2
Recently Observed Comets
176
1
Spacecraft to Comets
176
1
Meteoroids
177
3
Types and Sizes of Meteorites
178
2
A Closer Look Meteor Showers
180
1
Meteor Showers
180
1
Asteroids
180
1
Starparties Observing a Meteor Shower
181
2
A Closer Look The Extinction of the Dinosaurs
183
5
Near-Earth Objects
183
5
Our Solar System and Others
188
12
The Formation of the Solar System
189
3
Extra-Solar Planets
192
5
Discovering Exoplanets
192
3
The Nature of Exoplanet Systems
195
1
Brown Dwarfs
196
1
Future Discovery Methods
196
1
Planetary Systems in Formation
197
3
Our Star: The Sun
200
16
Basic Structure of the Sun
201
2
A Closer Look The Most Common Elements in the Sun's Photosphere
203
5
The Photosphere
203
2
The Chromosphere
205
1
The Corona
205
3
Sunspots and Other Solar Activity
208
1
Starparties Observing Sunspots
209
2
Flares, Coronal Mass Ejections, and Space Weather
210
1
Filaments and Prominences
210
1
The Scientific Value of Eclipses
211
1
The Sun and the Theory of Relativity
211
2
Lives in Science Albert Einstein
213
3
Stars: Distant Suns
216
30
Colors and Temperatures
217
2
The Spectral Types of Stars
219
2
The Distances of Stars
221
1
Triangulating to the Nearby Stars
221
1
Figure It Out Stellar Triangulation
222
1
A Closer Look Proxima Centauri: The Nearest Star Beyond the Sun
223
1
Luminosity
223
1
Figure It Out The Inverse-Square Law
224
1
A Closer Look Using Absolute Magnitudes
225
1
Temperature-Luminosity Diagrams
225
1
Figure It Out A Star's Luminosity
226
2
The Motions of the Stars
228
1
Figure It Out Doppler Shifts
229
1
Social Stars: Binaries, Variables, and Clusters
230
1
Binary Stars
230
1
Figure It Out Binary Stars
231
3
A Closer Look A Sense of Mass: Weighing Stars
234
1
Variable Stars
234
1
Figure It Out The Mass-Luminosity Relation
235
3
Star Clusters
237
1
A Closer Look Star Clusters
238
3
How Old Are Star Clusters?
239
2
A Closer Look How We Measure Basic Stellar Parameters
241
5
people in Astronomy
244
2
Gibor Basri
How the Stars Shine: Cosmic Furnaces
246
14
Stars in Formation
248
4
Energy Sources in Stars
252
1
Atoms and Nuclei
252
2
The Stellar Prime of Life
254
1
Stellar Energy Cycles
255
1
Brown Dwarfs
256
1
The Solar Neutrino Experiment
257
2
The Life Cycles of Stars
259
1
The Death of Stars: Stellar Recycling
260
20
The Death of the Sun
262
3
Red Giants
262
1
Planetary Nebulae
262
1
White Dwarfs
263
1
Novae
264
1
Supernovae: Stellar Recycling
265
6
Red Supergiants
265
1
Observing Supernovae
266
1
Supernovae and Us
267
1
Supernova 1987A
268
2
Cosmic Rays
270
1
Pulsars: Stellar Beacons
271
9
Neutron Stars
271
1
The Discovery of Pulsars
271
1
What Are Pulsars?
272
1
The Crab, Pulsars, and Supernovae
273
2
Slowing Pulsars and Fast Pulsars
275
1
The Binary Pulsar and Gravity Waves
275
1
X-Ray Binaries
276
1
A Pulsar with a Planet
277
3
Black Holes: The End of Space and Time
280
12
The Formation of a Stellar-Mass Black Hole
281
1
The Photon Sphere
282
1
The Event Horizon
282
2
Time Dilation
284
1
Rotating Black Holes
284
1
Detecting a Black Hole
285
2
Figure It Out Binary Stars and Kepler's Third Law
287
1
Mini Black Holes
288
1
Supermassive Black Holes
289
3
The Milky Way: Our Home in the Universe
292
22
The Milky Way
293
1
Starparties Observing the Milky Way
294
1
The Illusion That We Are at the Center
294
1
Nebulae
295
1
A Closer Look Why Is the Sky Blue?
296
1
The Parts of Our Galaxy
297
1
The Center of Our Galaxy and Infrared Studies
298
2
All-Sky Maps of Our Galaxy
300
2
The Spiral Structure of Our Galaxy
302
2
Why Does Our Galaxy Have Spiral Arms?
304
1
Matter Between the Stars
305
1
Radio Observations of Our Galaxy
306
2
Mapping Our Galaxy
308
1
Radio Spectral Lines From Molecules
308
1
The Formation of Stars
309
1
At a Radio Observatory
310
4
A Universe of Galaxies
314
28
Galaxies: ``Island Universes''
315
3
The Discovery of Galaxies
315
3
Types of Galaxies
318
4
Spiral Galaxies
318
2
Elliptical Galaxies
320
1
Other Galaxy Types
320
1
Clusters and Superclusters of Galaxies
321
1
Starparties Observing Galaxies
322
2
The Dark Side of Matter
324
2
The Rotation Curve of the Milky Way Galaxy
324
2
Figure It Out The Rotation Curve
326
4
Dark Matter Everywhere
327
1
Gravitational Lensing
328
2
The Birth and Life of Galaxies
330
2
The Expansion of the Universe
330
2
Figure It Out Redshifts and Hubble's Law
332
1
The Search for Distant Galaxies
332
1
Figure It Out Using Hubble's Law to Determine Distances
333
9
The Evolution of Galaxies
335
2
Large-Scale Structure in the Universe
337
3
people in Astronomy
340
2
Sandra Faber
Quasars and Active Galaxies
342
22
Active Galactic Nuclei
343
3
Quasars
346
3
The Discovery of Quasars
346
2
The Nature of the Redshift
348
1
Figure It Out the Relativistic Doppler Effect
349
7
The Energy Problem
349
3
What Are Quasars?
352
3
Detection of Supermassive Black Holes
355
1
Figure It Out The Central Mass in a Galaxy
356
8
The Effects of Beaming
357
3
Quasars as Probes of the Universe
360
4
Cosmology: The Birth and Life of the Cosmos
364
26
Olbers's Paradox
365
2
An Expanding Universe
367
3
Hubble's Law
367
1
Expansion Without a Center
368
2
The Age of the Universe
370
1
Figure It Out The Hubble Time
371
6
The Quest for Hubble's Constant
372
3
Deviations from Uniform Expansion
375
2
The Geometry and Fate of the Universe
377
2
Three Kinds of Possible Universes
378
1
Figure It Out The Critical Density and ΩM
379
4
Two-Dimensional Analogues
380
1
What Kind of Universe Do We Live In?
381
2
Measuring the Expected Deceleration
383
4
Type Ia Supernovae
384
1
Einstein's Biggest Blunder?
385
1
Alternatives to Acceleration?
386
1
The Future of the Universe
387
3
In the Beginning
390
26
The Steady-State Theory
391
1
The Cosmic Microwave Radiation
392
3
Deviations From Isotropy
395
4
Ripples in the Cosmic Microwave Background
395
2
The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
397
2
The Early Universe
399
3
A Brief History of the Early Universe
399
3
The Inflationary Universe
402
3
Problems with the Original Big-Bang Model
402
2
Inflation to the Rescue
404
1
Figure It Out Inflation
405
6
Forces in the Universe
406
2
Supercooling the Universe
408
2
The Ultimate Free Lunch?
410
1
Figure It Out Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
411
1
A Universe of Universes
411
1
A Universe Finely Tuned for Life?
412
4
Life in the Universe
416
16
The Origin of Life
418
1
Life in the Solar System
419
1
Suitable Stars for Intelligent Life
420
1
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
420
2
Figure It Out Interstellar Travel
422
2
Communicating With Extraterrestrials
424
1
The Statistics of Intelligent Extraterrestrial Life
425
2
Figure It Out The Drake Equation
427
1
UFOS and the Scientific Method
428
2
UFOs
429
1
Of Truth and Theories
429
1
Conclusion
430
2
Epilogue
432
Appendices
1
7
Selected Readings
8
3
Glossary
11
12
Illustration Acknowledgments
23
Index
1