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Tables of Contents for Historical Geology With Infotrac
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Chapter 1 The Dynamic and Evolving Earth
1
14
Introduction
2
1
What Is Geology?
2
1
Historical Geology and the Formulation of Theories
3
1
Origin of the Universe and the Solar System, and Earth's Place in Them
4
4
Origin of the Universe-Did It Begin with a Big Bang?
4
1
Perspective 1.1: Interpreting Earth History
5
28
Our Solar System-Its Origin and Evolution
5
2
Earth-Its Place in Our Solar System
7
1
Forming the Earth-Moon System
8
1
Why Is Earth a Dynamic and Evolving Planet?
8
2
Organic Evolution and the History of life
10
1
Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism
11
1
How Does the Study of Historical Geology Benefit Us?
12
1
Summary
13
2
Chapter 2 Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks
15
17
Introduction
16
1
Matter and Its Composition
17
1
Elements and Atoms
17
1
Bonding and Compounds
17
1
Minerals-The Building Blocks of Rocks
18
1
How Many Minerals Are There?
19
1
Silicate Minerals
19
1
Other Mineral Groups
20
1
Rock-Forming Minerals and the Rock Cycle
20
1
Igneous Rocks
20
2
Texture and Composition of Igneous Rocks
20
1
Classifying Igneous Rocks
21
1
Sedimentary Rocks
22
4
Sediment Transport, Deposition, and Lithification
22
1
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
22
4
Metamorphic Rocks
26
2
The Agents of Metamorphism
27
1
Types of Metamorphism
27
1
Classifying Metamorphic Rocks
27
1
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
28
1
Earth Materials and Historical Geology
29
1
Summary
30
2
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
32
24
Introduction
33
1
Early Ideas about Continental Drift
33
4
Perspective 3.1: Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics
34
24
Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis
35
1
Additional Support for Continental Drift
36
1
Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering
37
1
How Do Magnetic Reversals Relate to Seafloor Spreading?
38
1
Plate Tectonics and Plate Boundaries
39
8
Divergent Boundaries
41
1
An Example of Ancient Rifting
42
1
Convergent Boundaries
42
3
Recognizing Ancient Convergent Boundaries
45
1
Transform Boundaries
45
2
What Are Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes?
47
1
How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined?
48
1
What Is the Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics?
49
1
How Are Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building Related?
50
1
Terrane Tectonics
51
1
How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Life?
51
1
How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Natural Resources?
52
2
Summary
54
2
Chapter 4 Geologic lime: Concepts and Principles
56
16
Introduction
57
1
How Has the Concept of Geologic Time and Earth's Age Changed Throughout Human History?
58
1
Perspective 4.1: Geologic Time and Climate Change
59
1
What Are Relative Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?
59
1
Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating
60
1
Establishment of Geology as a Science-The Triumph of Uniformitarianism over Neptunism and Catastrophism
60
3
Neptunism and Catastrophism
60
1
Uniformitarianism
61
1
Modern View of Uniformitarianism
62
1
Lord Kelvin and a Crisis in Geology
63
1
What Are Absolute Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?
63
6
Atoms and Isotopes
63
1
Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives
64
3
Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs
67
1
Fission Track Dating
67
1
Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating
67
2
Summary
69
3
Chapter 5 Rocks, Fossils, and lime-Making Sense of the Geologic Record
72
22
Introduction
73
1
Stratigraphy
73
6
Vertical Stratigraphic Relationships
73
2
Lateral Relationships-Facies
75
2
Marine Transgressions and Regressions
77
1
Extent, Rates, and Causes of Transgressions and Regressions
78
1
Fossilization and Fossils
79
7
Do Fossils Form?
79
2
Fossils and Telling Time
81
1
Perspective 5.1: Fossils and Uniformitarianism
82
4
The Relative Geologic Time Scale
86
1
Stratigraphic Terminology
87
1
Correlation
88
2
Absolute Dates and the Relative
Geologic Time Scale
90
2
Summary
92
2
Chapter 6 Sedimentary Rocks-The Archives of Earth History
94
20
Introduction
95
1
Sedimentary Rock Properties
95
7
Composition and Texture
95
1
Sedimentary Structures
96
2
Geometry of Sedimentary Rocks
98
1
Fossils-The Biologic Content of Sedimentary Rocks
98
1
Perspective 6.1: Determining the Relative Ages of Deformed Sedimentary Rocks
99
3
Depositional Environments
102
7
Continental Environments
102
1
Transitional Environments
103
2
Marine Environments
105
4
Environmental Interpretations and Historical Geology
109
2
Paleogeography
111
1
Summary
112
2
Chapter 7 Evolution-The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence
114
22
Introduction
115
1
Evolution: What Does It Mean?
116
2
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and His Ideas on Evolution
117
1
The Contributions of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
117
1
Natural Selection-What Is Its Significance?
117
1
Perspective 7.1: The Tragic Lysenko Affair
118
1
Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
118
2
Mendel's Experiments
119
1
Genes and Chromosomes
119
1
The Modern View of Evolution
120
7
What Brings about Variation?
121
1
Speciation and the Rate of Evolution
121
2
Divergent, Convergent, and Parallel Evolution
123
1
Cladistics and Cladograms
124
1
Evolutionary Trends
125
2
Extinctions
127
1
What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
127
7
Classification-A Nested Pattern of Similarities
128
1
How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution?
128
2
Fossils: What Do We Learn from Them?
130
3
Perspective 7.2: The Fossil Record and Missing Links
133
1
Summary
134
2
Chapter 8 Precambrian Earth and Life History-The Hadean and Archean
136
17
Introduction
137
1
What Happened during the Hadean?
138
1
Continental Foundations-Shields, Platforms, and Cratons
139
3
Archean Rocks
139
2
Greenstone Belts
141
1
Evolution of Greenstone Belts
142
1
Archean Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Cratons
142
1
The Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
143
2
How Did the Atmosphere Form and Evolve?
143
2
Earth's Surface Waters-The Hydrosphere
145
1
The First Organisms
145
4
Experimental Evidence and the Origin of Life
146
1
The Oldest Known Organisms
147
1
Perspective 8.1: Submarine Hydrothermal Vents and the Origin of Life
148
1
Archean Mineral Resources
149
1
Summary
150
3
Chapter 9 Precambrian Earth and Life History-The Proterozoic Eon
153
21
Introduction
154
1
Evolution Of Proterozoic Continents
154
6
Early Proterozoic History of Laurentia
154
3
Early and Middle Proterozoic Igneous Activity
157
1
Middle Proterozoic Orogeny and Rifting
157
1
Middle and Late Proterozoic Sedimentation
158
2
Proterozoic Supercontinents
160
1
Ancient Glaciers and Their Deposits
160
1
Early Proterozoic Glaciers
160
1
Glaciers of the Late Proterozoic
160
1
The Evolving Atmosphere
160
4
Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)
162
1
Continental Red Beds
163
1
Important Events in Life History
164
5
Eukaryotic Cells Evolve
165
1
Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
166
1
The Dawn of Multicelled Organisms
166
1
Late Proterozoic Animals
167
2
Proterozoic Mineral Resources
169
2
Perspective 9.1: BIF: From Mine to Steel Mill
170
1
Summary
171
3
Chapter 10 Early Paleozoic Earth History
174
20
Introduction
175
1
Continental Architecture: Cratons and Mobile Belts
175
1
Paleozoic Paleogeography
176
3
Early Paleozoic Global History
177
2
Early Paleozoic Evolution of North America
179
1
The Sauk Sequence
179
2
The Cambrian of the Grand Canyon Region: A Transgressive Facies Modes
179
2
The Tippecanoe Sequence
181
6
Perspective 10.1: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
182
16
Tippecanoe Reefs and Evaporites
184
2
The End of the Tippecanoe Sequence
186
1
The Appalachian Mobile Belt and the Taconic Orogeny
187
3
Early Paleozoic Mineral Resources
190
1
Summary
191
3
Chapter 11 Late Paleozoic Earth History
194
22
Introduction
195
1
Late Paleozoic Paleogeography
195
3
The Devonian Period
195
1
The Carboniferous Period
195
3
The Permian Period
198
1
Late Paleozoic Evolution of North America
198
1
The Kaskaskia Sequence
198
3
Reef Development in Western Canada
199
1
Black Shales
199
1
The Late Kaskaskia-A Return to Extensive Carbonate Deposition
200
1
Perspective 11.1: The Canning Basin, Australia-A Devonian Great Barrier Reef
201
1
The Absaroka Sequence
201
6
What Are Cyclothems, and Why Are They Important?
202
2
Cratonic Uplift-The Ancestral Rockies
204
1
The Late Absaroka-More Evaporite Deposits and Reefs
205
2
History of the Late Paleozoic Mobile Belts
207
4
Cordilleras Mobile Belt
208
1
Ouachita Mobile Belt
209
1
Appalachian Mobile Belt
209
2
What Role Did Microplates and Terranes Play in the Formation of Pangaea?
211
1
Late Paleozoic Mineral Resources
211
1
Summary
212
4
Chapter 12 Paleozoic Life History: Invertebrates
216
18
Introduction
217
1
What Was the Cambrian Explosion?
217
1
The Emergence of a Shelly Fauna
218
1
Paleozoic Invertebrate Marine Life
219
11
The Present Marine Ecosystem
219
2
Cambrian Marine Community
221
2
The Burgess Shale Biota
223
1
Ordovician Marine Community
224
1
Silurian and Devonian Marine Communities
225
1
Perspective 12.1: Mass Extintions and Their Possible Causes
226
19
Carboniferous and Permian Marine Communities
228
1
The Permian Marine Invertebrate Extinction
229
1
Summary
230
4
Chapter 13 Paleozoic Life History: Vertebrates and Plants
234
21
Introduction
235
1
Vertebrate Evolution
235
1
Fish
236
4
Amphibians-Vertebrates Invade the Land
240
2
Evolution of the Reptiles-The Land Is Conquered
242
3
Plant Evolution
245
7
Perspective 13.1: Palynology: A Link Between Geology and Biology
246
17
Silurian and Devonian Floras
247
3
Late Carboniferous and Permian Floras
250
2
Summary
252
3
Chapter 14 Mesozoic Earth History
255
23
Introduction
256
1
The Breakup of Pangaea
256
3
Effects of the Breakup of Pangaea on Global Climates and Ocean Circulation Patterns
259
1
Mesozoic History of North America
259
1
Continental Interior
260
1
Eastern Coastal Region
260
2
Gulf Coastal Region
262
1
Western Region
263
9
Mesozoic Tectonics
263
5
Mesozoic Sedimentation
268
1
Perspective 14.1: Petrified Forest National Park
269
3
What Role Did Accretion of Terranes Play in the Growth of Western North America?
272
1
Mesozoic Mineral Resources
273
2
Summary
275
3
Chapter 15 Life of the Mesozoic Era
278
24
Introduction
279
1
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton
279
2
Aquatic and Semiaquatic Vertebrates-Fish and Amphibians
281
1
Plants-Primary Producers on Land
282
1
The Diversification of Reptiles
283
7
Archosaurs and the Origin of Dinosaurs
283
1
Dinosaurs
283
2
Warm-Blooded Dinosaurs?
285
1
Perspective 15.1: Dinosaur Behavior
286
4
Flying Reptiles
288
1
Mesozoic Marine Reptiles
289
1
Crocodiles, Turtles, Lizards, and Snakes
290
1
From Reptiles to Birds
290
3
Perspective 15.2: Vertebrates and the Origin of Flight
293
1
Origin and Early Evolution of Mammals
293
3
Cynodonts and the Origin of Mammals
293
2
Mesozoic Mammals
295
1
Mesozoic Climates and Paleogeography
296
1
Mass Extinctions-A Crisis in the History of Life
297
1
Summary
298
4
Chapter 16 Cenozoic Geologic History: The Tertiary Period
302
26
Introduction
303
1
Cenozoic Plate Tectonics-An Overview
303
1
Cenozoic Orogenic Belts
304
5
The Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt
306
1
The Circum-Pacific Orogenic Belt
307
2
The North American Cordillera
309
10
The Laramide Orogeny
310
2
Cordilleras Igneous Activity
312
1
Perspective 16.1: Geologic History of the Teton Range
313
17
Basin and Range Province
315
1
Colorado Plateau
316
1
Pacific Coast
316
3
The Continental Interior
319
1
Cenozoic History of the Appalachian Mountains
319
1
The Southern and Eastern Continental Margins
319
5
The Gulf Coastal Plain
321
1
The Atlantic Continental Margin
321
3
Tertiary Mineral Resources
324
1
Summary
324
4
Chapter 17 Cenozoic Geologic History: The Quaternary Period
328
20
Introduction
329
1
Pleistocene and Holocene Tectonism and Volcanism
329
1
Pleistocene Stratigraphy
330
5
Terrestrial Stratigraphy
330
2
Perspective 17.1: Supervolcanoes and the Origin of the Yellowstone Caldera
332
22
Deep-Sea Stratigraphy
334
1
Onset of the Ice Age
335
2
Climate of the Pleistocene
335
1
Glaciers-What Are They, and How Do They Form?
336
1
Glaciation and Its Effects
337
5
Glacial Landforms
337
1
Changes in Sea Level
337
1
Glaciers and Isostasy
338
2
Pluvial and Proglacial Lakes
340
2
What Caused Pleistocene Glaciation?
342
3
The Milankovitch Theory
344
1
Short-Term Climatic Changes
344
1
Quaternary Mineral Resources
345
1
Summary
346
2
Chapter 18 Life of the Cenozoic Era
348
23
Introduction
349
1
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton
349
2
Cenozoic Vegetation and Climate
351
1
Cenozoic Birds
352
1
The Age of Mammals Begins
353
1
Diversification of Placental Mammals
354
3
Perspective 18.1: Not All Giant Land Animals Were Dinosaurs
356
1
Mammals of the Tertiary Period
357
8
Small Mammals-Insectivores, Rodents, Rabbits, and Bats
357
1
A Brief History of the Primates
358
1
The Meat Eaters-Carnivorous Mammals
358
2
The Ungulates or Hoofed Mammals
360
3
Giant Land-Dwelling Mammals-Elephants
363
1
Giant Aquatic Mammals-Whales
364
1
Pleistocene Faunas
365
2
Mammals of the Ice Age
365
1
Pleistocene Extinctions
366
1
Intercontinental Migrations
367
1
Summary
368
3
Chapter 19 Primate and Human Evolution
371
15
Introduction
372
1
What Are Primates?
372
1
Prosimians
372
Anthropoids
371
4
Hominids
375
9
Australopithecines
377
1
Perspective 19.1: Footprints at Laetoli
378
6
The Human Lineage
379
2
Neanderthals
381
1
Cro-Magnons
382
2
Summary
384
2
Epilogue
386
2
Appendix A Metric Conversion Chart
388
1
Appendix B Classification of Organisms
389
5
Appendix C Mineral Identification
394
4
Glossary
398
9
Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions
407
1
Credits
408
3
Index
411