Introduction Abigail Lustig

1. Russian theoretical biology between heresy and orthodoxy: Georgii Shaposhinikov and his experiments on plant lice Elena Aronova and Daniel Alexandrov

2. The spectre of Darwinism: the popular image of Darwinism in early twentieth-century Britain Peter J. Bowler

3. Natural theology Abigail Lustig

4. Ironic heresy: how young-earth creationists came to embrace rapid microevolution by means of natural selection Ronald L. Numbers

5. If this be heresy: Haeckel's conversion to Darwinism Robert J. Richards

6. Adaptive landscapes and dynamic equilibrium: the Spencerian contribution to twentieth-century, American, evolutionary biology Michael Ruse

7. 'The ninth moral sin': the Lamarckism of W. M. Wheeler Charlotte Sleigh

8. Contemporary Darwinism and religion Mikael Stenmark.