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Tables of Contents for Antisocial Behavior by Young People
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Acknowledgments
xi
1 Introduction
1
9
What Do We Mean by "Antisocial Behavior" and "Young People"?
1
1
Why a New Review?
2
5
Coverage and Structure of This Review
7
3
2 Identifying the Most Useful Research
10
15
Breadth of Antisocial Behavior
10
1
Multiple Sources of Information
11
1
Samples
12
2
Biology and Behavior
14
1
Causality
15
8
Concepts of Causation
15
2
Causal Chains
17
1
Testing Causal Hypotheses
18
3
Strength of Effects
21
1
"Positivistic" Approaches
22
1
Conclusions
23
2
3 Concepts and Measures of Crime
25
39
Age, Blame, and Criminal Responsibility
25
5
The Nature of Adolescent Crime
30
15
Criminal Offenses
31
1
Criminal Statistics
32
6
Victim Surveys
38
1
Childhood Victimization
38
2
Self-Reported Offending
40
5
Variations in the Processing of Offenses
45
12
Recognizing and Reporting Crime
46
3
The Police as "Gatekeepers" of the Criminal Justice System
49
6
Variations in Judicial Procedures
55
2
Differences between Offenders and Non-Offenders
57
1
Persistent Young Offenders
58
3
Conclusions
61
3
4 Historical Trends
64
31
Setting Out the Issues
64
1
Trends in Crime Taken as a Whole
64
5
Does Juvenile Crime Reflect the Same Trends?
69
3
Has the Nature of Offending by Juveniles Been Changing?
72
6
Changes in the Types of Crimes Committed
72
2
Changes in the Sex Ratios
74
1
Changes in the Type-Gender Relationship
74
1
Changes in the Peak Age of Offending
75
3
The Relevance of Recent Trends in Juvenile Justice
78
5
Just Deserts
79
1
Managerialism
79
1
Community Focus
80
1
Populist Punitiveness
80
3
Trends in Psychosocial Disorders of Youth
83
3
Changes in the Social and Economic Context for Young People
86
3
Possible Reasons for the Rise in Crime and Psychosocial Disorders of Young People
89
3
Conclusions
92
3
5 Varieties of Antisocial Behavior
95
32
Key Valid Differentiators
96
9
Association with Hyperactivity
96
2
Age of Onset
98
7
Probably Valid Differentiators
105
7
Association with Violence
105
4
Psychopathy
109
1
Association with Serious Mental Disorder
110
2
Special Groups of Uncertain Validity
112
8
"Normal" Crime
112
1
Sexual Offenses
113
2
Juvenile Homicide
115
2
Crime Associated with Substance Misuse
117
1
Medically Caused Crime
118
1
Crime Associated with Emotional Disorder
119
1
Other Distinctions
120
3
Socialized versus Unsocialized
120
1
Overt versus Covert Crime
121
1
Recidivist Crime
122
1
Psychiatric Diagnoses
123
1
Conclusions
124
3
6 The Role of Individual Features
127
41
Changing Views
127
2
Genetic Influences
129
8
Nature-Nurture Interplay
132
3
Routes of Genetic Mediation
135
2
Obstetric Complications
137
3
Intelligence
140
5
Temperament and Personality Features
145
3
Poor Peer Relationships
148
1
Hyperactivity
149
2
Biased Cognitive Processing
151
1
Drugs and Alcohol
152
3
Possible Biological Mediators
155
10
Toxins and Nutrients
157
2
Physique
159
1
Androgens
160
1
Autonomic Reactivity
161
1
Serotonin Metabolism
162
3
Overview of Biological Mediators
165
1
Conclusions
165
3
7 The Role of Psychosocial Features
168
47
Some Concepts and Controversies
168
3
Person Effects on the Environment
171
3
Genetic Mediation of Psychosocial Risk Factors
174
1
Tests for Environmental Mediation
175
4
Third-Variable Effects
179
2
Family Influences
181
12
Teenage Parents
181
1
Large Family Size
182
1
Broken Homes
183
4
Abuse and Neglect
187
1
Coercion and Hostility
188
4
Ineffective Parenting and Supervision
192
1
Peer Groups
193
6
Gangs
198
1
Poverty and Social Disadvantage
199
3
Unemployment
202
4
Resilience
206
6
Conclusions
212
3
8 Societywide Influences
215
39
Mass Media
216
4
Area Differences
220
10
Distribution of Offenses
221
2
Distribution of Offenders
223
7
School Effects
230
5
Ethnic Variations
235
14
Concepts and Methods
235
2
Victimization
237
2
Crime in the United Kingdom
239
4
Crime in the United States
243
3
Possible Explanations
246
3
Guns, Drugs, and Contraceptives
249
1
Conclusions
250
4
9 Gender Differences
254
25
Rates of Crime in Males and Females
256
10
Patterns of Offending
256
4
Judicial Processing
260
1
Self-Report Findings
261
1
Clinical Disorders Involving Antisocial Behavior
262
4
Possible Explanations
266
10
Same or Different Origins in Males and Females
266
1
Gender Differences in Individual Risk Factors
267
4
Gender Differences in Psychosocial Risks
271
3
Differences in Social Context
274
2
Conclusions
276
3
10 From Child to Adult: Persistence and Desistance
279
24
Analyzing Data from a Life History Perspective
279
3
Some Questions about Using Longitudinal Data
282
3
Criminal Careers
285
9
Delinquent Pathways
290
4
Socioemotional Functioning in Adult Life
294
4
Personality Disorder
294
2
Drug and Alcohol Problems
296
1
Emotional Disturbance
296
1
Suicidal Behavior
297
1
Influential Experiences in Adult Life
298
8
Cumulative Continuity and Accentuation Effects
298
4
Turning-Point Effects
302
4
Conclusions
306
2
11 Prevention and Intervention I: Principles and Concepts of Application at the Predelinquency Phase
308
31
Concepts and Measures
308
7
How Much Is Open to Change?
308
1
Causal Models
309
6
Evaluation
315
42
Actors or Their Acts
315
1
Randomized Controlled Trials
316
3
Quasi-Experiments
319
1
Evaluation of Community Interventions
320
1
Meta-analyses
320
1
Individual Differences in Response
321
2
Cost-Benefit Analyses
323
1
Case Studies of Promising Interventions
324
1
Targeting High-Risk Groups
325
1
Relief of Societal Risks
326
1
Preventive Strategies at a Predelinquency Phase
327
8
Preschool Education
327
1
Improving the Parenting in High-Risk Families
328
1
Early Treatment of Disruptive Behavior
329
2
Schoolwide Programs
331
3
Multimodal Interventions
334
1
Conclusions
335
4
12 Prevention and Intervention II: Applications at the Postdelinquency Phase
339
36
Reducing Opportunities for Offending
340
8
Situational Crime Prevention
341
4
Increased Community Surveillance and Other Community Initiatives
345
3
Populationwide Deterrent Effects
348
3
Incapacitation
351
3
Different Responses to Delinquency
354
14
Diversionary Policies
354
2
Community "Alternatives to Custody" Schemes
356
1
Restorative Justice
357
2
Punishment
359
1
"Short Sharp Shock" Approaches
360
1
Custodial Care
361
4
Psychological Treatments
365
3
Meta-analyses
368
3
Elements of Effective Programs of Intervention
369
2
Conclusions
371
4
13 Conclusions
375
14
In What Ways Has This Review Shed Any New Light on Antisocial Behavior?
375
7
Heterogeneity
376
2
Notions of Causality
378
1
Liability
379
1
Antisocial Behavior over the Life Course
380
1
Time Trends
380
1
Gender Differences
381
1
Research and Methodological Advances
382
2
What Is the Relationship between the Research Conclusions and Policy?
384
2
A Research Agenda for the Future
386
3
References
389
76
Index
465