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Tables of Contents for Handbook of Seafloor Sonar Imagery
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Contributors
v
8
Preface
xiii
2
Acknowledgements
xv
1
List of Tables
xvi
1
List of Illustrations
xvii
1. INTRODUCTION
1
4
2. SONAR DATA ACQUISITION
5
18
2.1 Acoustic Remote Sensing
5
3
2.2 Sidescan Sonar Imagery
8
2
2.3 Performance of Sidescan Sonar Systems
10
1
2.4 Technical Specifications of Commonly Used Sonars
11
5
2.5 Navigation and Attitude
16
4
2.5.1 Ship Navigation
16
2
2.5.2 Towfish Navigation
18
2
2.5.3 Attitude Information
20
1
2.6 Summary
20
1
2.7 Further Reading
21
2
3. SONAR DATA PROCESSING
23
24
3.1 Introduction
23
1
3.2 Pre-Processing
24
3
3.2.1 Data Formats
24
1
3.2.2 Navigation Data Processing
24
2
3.2.3 Attitude Data Processing
26
1
3.3 Radiometric Corrections
27
3
3.3.1 Requantisation
27
1
3.3.2 Across-Track Corrections
28
1
3.3.3 Along-Track Corrections
29
1
3.4 Geometric Corrections
30
2
3.4.1 Slant-Range Correction
30
1
3.4.2 Anamorphosis
31
1
3.5 Backscattering Models
32
2
3.6 Map Production
34
2
3.6.1 Mosaicking - Stencilling
34
1
3.6.2 Interpolation - Rubbersheeting
35
1
3.7 Post-Processing
36
5
3.7.1 Image Statistics
36
2
3.7.2 Histogram Manipulations
38
1
3.7.3 Speckle Removal
39
2
3.7.4 Sea Surface Reflection Removal
41
1
3.8 Examples of Operational Sidescan Sonar Processing
41
2
3.8.1 Near Real-Time Processing of TOBI Data
41
1
3.8.2 Processing of High-Resolution DSL-120 Data
42
1
3.9 Summary
43
2
3.10 Further Reading
45
2
4. DEEP-OCEAN TRENCHES AND COLLISION MARGINS
47
26
4.1 Plate Tectonics and the Seafloor Environments
48
1
4.2 Geological Background
49
2
4.3 The Reasoning behind the Interpretation
51
2
4.4 Deformation Fronts and Accretionary Prisms
53
6
4.5 Trench-Fill Structures and Processes
59
6
4.6 Mud Volcanoes and Serpentinite Seamounts
65
4
4.7 Summary
69
1
4.8 Further Reading
70
3
5. MID-OCEAN RIDGE ENVIRONMENTS
73
56
5.1 Geological Background
73
2
5.2 Shape Derivation From Backscatter
75
3
5.3 Volcanic Features
78
28
5.3.1 Point-Source Volcanoes
79
3
5.3.2 Composite Volcanoes
82
1
5.3.3 Central Volcanoes
83
4
5.3.4 Flat-Topped Volcanoes
87
3
5.3.5 Clustered Volcanoes
90
6
5.3.6 Hummocky Volcanic Ridges
96
6
5.3.7 Axial Volcanic Ridges
102
4
5.4 Tectonic Features
106
10
5.4.1 General Tectonic Trends at Mid-Ocean Ridges
106
1
5.4.2 Single Faults and Fissures
107
2
5.4.3 Fault Scarps
109
4
5.4.4 Tectonic Features at Transform and Non-Transform Offsets
113
3
5.5 Hydrothermal Features
116
4
5.5.1 Hydrothermal Mounds
117
2
5.5.2 Hydrothermal Structures
119
1
5.6 Regional Imagery
120
6
5.6.1 West Lau Spreading Centre
120
3
5.6.2 Central Indian Ocean Triple Junction
123
3
5.7 Further Reading
126
3
6. ABYSSAL PLAINS AND BASINS
129
24
6.1 Geological Background
130
1
6.2 The Use of Subsurface Information
131
2
6.3 The Filling of Abyssal Plains
133
4
6.4 Structures of the Abyssal Plains
137
7
6.5 Relict Structures
144
2
6.6 Example of Regional Imagery
146
5
6.7 Summary
151
1
6.8 Further Reading
152
1
7. CONTINENTAL MARGINS
153
40
7.1 Geological Background
154
1
7.2 Sedimentary Structures
155
15
7.2.1 Sediment Deposition and Erosion
155
2
7.2.2 Sediment Transport - Submarine Canyons
157
6
7.2.3 Mass-Wasting, Slides and Flows
163
4
7.2.4 Sediment Redistribution
167
3
7.3 Tectonic Structures
170
1
7.4 Examples of Regional Imagery
171
6
7.4.1 The Blake Escarpment, North Atlantic
171
3
7.4.2 The East Arequipa Basin, South Pacific
174
3
7.5 Volcanic Structures
177
2
7.6 Biological Activity
179
2
7.7 Structures From The Epicontinental Seas
181
9
7.7.1 Mud Volcanism
181
5
7.7.2 Brine Accumulation Structures
186
2
7.7.3 Pockmarks and Seepages
188
2
7.8 Summary
190
1
7.9 Further Reading
191
2
8. COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS
193
30
8.1 Geological Background
194
1
8.2 Sedimentary Cover
194
3
8.3 Rock Outcrops
197
3
8.4 Sedimentary Features Created by Waves and Currents
200
6
8.4.1 Ripples
201
1
8.4.2 Megaripples
202
2
8.4.3 Longitudinal Bedforms
204
1
8.4.4 Obstacle Marks
205
1
8.5 Glacial Features
206
1
8.5.1 Iceberg Ploughmarks
206
1
8.5.2 Slump Structures in the Arctic Environment
206
1
8.6 Pockmarks
207
3
8.7 Biological Activity
210
3
8.7.1 Corals
210
2
8.7.2 Seafloor Vegetation
212
1
8.7.3 Schools of Fish
212
1
8.8 Anthropogenic Structures
213
8
8.8.1 Anchor Tracks
213
1
8.8.2 Trawl Marks
214
2
8.8.3 Wrecks
216
3
8.8.4 Dump Sites
219
1
8.8.5 Other Anthropogenic Features
220
1
8.9 Summary
221
1
8.10 Further Reading
221
2
9. IMAGE ANOMALIES AND SONAR SYSTEM ARTEFACTS
223
24
9.1 Introduction
223
1
9.2 Water Column Artefacts
224
1
9.3 Radiometric Artefacts
225
2
9.4 Geometric Artefacts
227
6
9.4.1 Variations in Survey Speed
227
1
9.4.2 Variations in the Platform's Altitude - Heave
228
2
9.4.3 Unprocessed Roll
230
1
9.4.4 Unprocessed Pitch
231
1
9.4.5 Unprocessed Yaw
231
2
9.5 Processing and Output Artefacts
233
5
9.5.1 Beam Spreading
233
1
9.5.2 Slant-Range Corrections - Layover
234
2
9.5.3 Processing Artefacts
236
1
9.5.4 Output Artefacts
237
1
9.6 Interpretation Artefacts
238
7
9.6.1 Subsurface Reflections
238
1
9.6.2 Interference Effects
238
2
9.6.3 Multiple Reflections
240
2
9.6.4 Unexpected Features
242
3
9.7 Conclusion
245
1
9.8 Further Reading
246
1
10. COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERPRETATION
247
30
10.1 Introduction
247
1
10.2 Image Enhancement
248
8
10.2.1 Image Representation
248
3
10.2.2 Image Statistics
251
1
10.2.3 Image Enhancement Techniques
252
4
10.2.3.1 Histogram Manipulation
252
1
10.2.3.2 Image Smoothing
253
2
10.2.3.3 Image Sharpening
255
1
10.3 Contour-Oriented Analysis
256
6
10.3.1 Spot Structures
256
1
10.3.2 Contour Detection
257
3
10.3.3 Contour Analysis
260
2
10.4 Texture-Oriented Analysis
262
3
10.4.1 Texture Definition
262
2
10.4.2 Structural Methods
264
1
10.4.3 Statistical Methods
264
1
10.5 Fusion of Multi-Source Information
265
2
10.5.1 Bathymetric Information
265
2
10.5.2 Other Information - Ground-Truthing
267
1
10.6 Geographic Information Systems
267
4
10.6.1 GIS Definition
267
1
10.6.2 GIS Composition
268
1
10.6.3 GIS Operation
269
1
10.6.4 Examples of GIS Applications
269
2
10.6.4.1 Crustal-Scale Fissuring in the East Pacific
269
1
10.6.4.2 Distribution of Hydrothermal Deposits in the North Atlantic
269
2
10.7 Image Classification - Image Compression
271
3
10.7.1 Image Classification
271
2
10.7.2 Image Compression
273
1
10.8 Artificial Intelligence - Expert Systems
274
1
10.9 Summary
275
1
10.10 Further Reading
276
1
11 CONCLUSION
277
2
General Bibliography
279
26
Glossary
305
2
Index
307