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Tables of Contents for Sensors and Signal Conditioning
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xi
Introduction to Sensor-Based Measurement Systems
1
72
General Concepts and Terminology
1
5
Measurement systems
1
1
Transducers, sensors and actuators
2
2
Signal conditioning and display
4
1
Interfaces, data domains, and conversion
4
2
Sensor Classification
6
1
General Input-Output Configuration
7
5
Interfering and modifying inputs
7
4
Compensation techniques
11
1
Static Characteristics of Measurement Systems
12
9
Accuracy, precision, and sensitivity
13
2
Other characteristics: Linearity and resolution
15
2
Systematic errors
17
1
Random errors
18
3
Dynamic Characteristics
21
10
Zero-order measurement systems
22
1
First-order measurement systems
23
3
Second-order measurement systems
26
5
Other Sensor Characteristics
31
5
Input characteristics: Impedance
33
1
Reliability
34
2
Primary Sensors
36
18
Temperature sensors: Bimetals
37
1
Pressure sensors
38
3
Flow velocity and flow-rate sensors
41
7
Level sensors
48
2
Force and torque sensors
50
1
Acceleration and inclination sensors
51
1
Velocity sensors
52
2
Materials for Sensors
54
8
Conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics
57
2
Magnetic materials
59
3
Microsensor Technology
62
6
Thick-film technology
63
1
Thin-film technology
64
1
Micromachining technologies
65
3
Problems
68
5
References
70
3
Resistive Sensors
73
60
Potentiometers
73
7
Strain Gages
80
8
Fundamentals: Piezoresistive effect
80
5
Types and applications
85
3
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
88
6
Thermistors
94
15
Models
94
8
Thermistors types and applications
102
4
Linearization
106
3
Magnetoresistors
109
5
Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs)
114
5
Resistive Hygrometers
119
2
Resistive Gas Sensors
121
5
Liquid Conductivity Sensors
126
3
Problems
129
4
References
131
2
Signal Conditioning for Resistive Sensors
133
74
Measurement of Resistance
133
6
Voltage Dividers
139
13
Potentiometers
141
5
Application to thermistors
146
1
Dynamic measurements
147
2
Amplifiers for voltage dividers
149
3
Wheatstone Bridge: Balance Measurements
152
2
Wheatstone Bridge: Deflection Measurements
154
16
Sensitivity and linearity
154
4
Analog linearization of resistive sensor bridges
158
1
Sensor bridge calibration and balance
158
1
Difference and average measurements and compensation
159
6
Power supply of Wheatstone bridges
165
3
Detection methods for Wheatstone bridges
168
2
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
170
14
Differential amplifiers
170
7
Instrumentation amplifier based on two op amps
177
2
Instrumentation amplifiers based on three op amps
179
5
Interference
184
14
Interference types and reduction
184
4
Signal circuit grounding
188
2
Shield grounding
190
3
Isolation amplifiers
193
5
Problems
198
9
References
205
2
Reactance Variation and Electromagnetic Sensors
207
70
Capacitive Sensors
207
13
Variable capacitor
207
9
Differential capacitor
216
4
Inductive Sensors
220
40
Variable reluctance sensors
220
5
Eddy current sensors
225
4
Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs)
229
9
Variable transformers: Synchros, resolvers, and Inductosyn
238
12
Magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive sensors
250
4
Wiegand and pulse-wire sensors
254
2
Saturation-core (flux-gate) sensors
256
2
Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)
258
2
Electromagnetic Sensors
260
12
Sensors based on Faraday's law
260
7
Hall effect sensors
267
5
Problems
272
5
References
274
3
Signal Conditioning for Reactance Variation Sensors
277
52
Problems and Alternatives
277
4
ac Bridges
281
18
Sensitivity and linearity
281
4
Capacitive bridge analog linearization
285
1
ac amplifiers and power supply decoupling
286
6
Electrostatic shields and driven shields
292
2
ac/dc signal converters
294
5
Carrier Amplifiers and Coherent Detection
299
14
Fundamentals and structure of carrier amplifiers
299
7
Phase-sensitive detectors
306
5
Application to LVDTs
311
2
Specific Signal Conditioners for Capacitive Sensors
313
3
Resolver-to-Digital and Digital-to-Resolver Converters
316
6
Synchro-to-resolver converters
317
2
Digital-to-resolver converters
319
2
Resolver-to-digital converters
321
1
Problems
322
7
References
326
3
Self-Generating Sensors
329
46
Thermoelectric Sensors: Thermocouples
329
16
Reversible thermoelectric effects
329
5
Common thermocouples
334
5
Practical thermocouple laws
339
2
Cold junction compensation in thermocouple circuits
341
4
Piezoelectric Sensors
345
12
The piezoelectric effect
345
3
Piezoelectric materials
348
2
Applications
350
7
Pyroelectric Sensors
357
6
The pyroelectric effect
357
2
Pyroelectric materials
359
1
Radiation laws: Planck, Wien, and Stefan-Boltzmann
360
2
Applications
362
1
Photovoltaic Sensors
363
3
The Photovoltaic effect
363
2
Materials and applications
365
1
Electrochemical Sensors
366
3
Problems
369
6
References
373
2
Signal Conditioning for Self-Generating Sensors
375
58
Chopper and Low-Drift Amplifiers
376
12
Offset and drifts in op amps
376
7
Chopper amplifiers
383
1
Autozero amplifiers
384
2
Composite amplifiers
386
1
Offset and drifts in instrumentation amplifiers
387
1
Electrometer and Transimpedance Amplifiers
388
9
Transimpedance amplifiers
391
3
Current measurement by integration
394
1
Cautions in designing electrometer circuits
395
2
Charge Amplifiers
397
6
Noise in Amplifiers
403
18
Noise fundamentals
403
4
Noise in op amps
407
9
Noise in transimpedance amplifiers
416
2
Noise in charge amplifiers
418
1
Noise in instrumentation amplifiers
419
2
Noise and Drift in Resistors
421
6
Drift in fixed resistors
421
3
Drift in adjustable resistors (potentiometers)
424
1
Noise in resistors
425
2
Problems
427
6
References
432
1
Digital and Intelligent Sensors
433
68
Position Encoders
433
12
Incremental position encoders
434
7
Absolute position encoders
441
4
Resonant Sensors
445
13
Sensors based on quartz resonators
447
4
SAW sensors
451
2
Vibrating wire strain gages
453
2
Vibrating cylinder sensors
455
1
Digital flowmeters
456
2
Variable Oscillators
458
9
Sinusoidal oscillators
459
1
Relaxation oscillators
460
3
Variable CMOS oscillators
463
2
Linearity in variable oscillators
465
2
Conversion to Frequency, Period, or Time Duration
467
9
Voltage-to-frequency conversion
468
2
Direct quantity-to-frequency conversion
470
4
Direct quantity-to-time duration conversion
474
2
Direct Sensor-Microcontroller Interfacing
476
10
Frequency measurement
476
2
Period and time-interval measurement
478
4
Calculations and compensations
482
2
Velocity measurement. Digital tachometers
484
2
Communication Systems for Sensors
486
6
Current telemetry: 4 to 20 mA loop
487
2
Simultaneous analog and digital communication
489
1
Sensor buses: Fieldbus
490
2
Intelligent Sensors
492
2
Problems
494
7
References
498
3
Other Sensing Methods
501
52
Sensors Based on Semiconductor Junctions
501
21
Thermometers based on semiconductor junctions
502
6
Magnetodiodes and magnetotransistors
508
1
Photodiodes
509
9
Position-sensitive detectors (PSDs)
518
1
Phototransistors
519
2
Semiconductor-junction nuclear radiation detectors
521
1
Sensors Based on MOSFET Transistors
522
3
Charge-Coupled and CMOS Image Sensors
525
8
Fundamentals
525
4
Types of CCD and CMOS imaging sensors and applications
529
4
Fiber-Optic Sensors
533
5
Fiber-optic basics
533
2
Fiber-optic sensor technologies and applications
535
3
Ultrasonic-Based Sensors
538
6
Fundamentals of ultrasonic-based sensors
539
2
Ultrasonic-based sensing methods and applications
541
3
Biosensors
544
2
Problems
546
7
References
550
3
Appendix: Solutions to the Problems
553
18
Index
571