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Tables of Contents for Building Pathology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
Introduction
1
11
Statement of the Problem
4
2
Problem-Solving Process
6
4
Structured Problem Solving
7
1
Establishing Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
7
2
Establishing the Search Pattern
9
1
Statement of Objectives
10
2
Mechanisms and Diagnostics
12
45
Building Pathology and Diagnostics
12
3
Deterioration as a Natural Process
13
1
Monitoring and the Time Budget
14
1
Mechanisms and Degradation Model
15
8
The Deterioration Mechanisms
16
6
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
22
1
Complex Mechanisms and Diagnostics
23
11
Typical Mechanism Combinations
24
1
Variable Environmental Effects: A Dynamic Approach
25
2
Integrated Systems and Complex Pathogenesis
27
1
Structural Systems
28
1
Closure
29
1
Vertical Closure System
29
1
Horizontal Closure System
29
1
Untilities Systems
30
1
Power Supply
31
1
Hydraulic Supply
31
1
Environmental Modification System
31
1
Heating and Cooling
32
1
Humidity Control
32
1
Ventilation
32
1
Protection Systems
33
1
Security
33
1
Emergency
33
1
The Impact of Material Standards over Time
34
2
The Myth of Modern Materials
35
1
Intervention Methodologies
36
8
The Client as Commander
37
2
Approaches
39
1
Abstention
40
1
Mitigation
41
1
Reconstitution
41
1
Substitution
42
1
Circumvention
43
1
Acceleration
44
1
The Intervention Matrix
44
13
Structural Systems
57
226
Functional Definition
57
1
Components Description
58
1
Materials Pathology
58
72
Differential Deformations
58
3
Thermal Variation
61
3
Hygroscopic Variation
64
2
Isotropy
66
1
Homogeneity
67
2
Mechanical Variation
69
2
Combined Variation
71
1
Crack Formation, Extension, and Coalescence
72
1
Mechanical Mechanisms
72
1
Composite Materials
73
5
Stress Gradients
78
1
Combined Stress
79
1
Principle Stresses
80
1
Deformation and Crack Formation
81
9
Permanent Set and Plastic Deformation
90
3
Strain Hardening
93
1
Creep
94
1
Biological Mechanisms
95
3
Fungal Action and Other Microbial Activity
98
17
Termites and Other Insects
115
6
The Formosan Termite
121
6
The Battle against the Formosan
127
3
Systemic Pathology
130
6
Differentiation between Deformation and Failure
135
1
The Pathology of Common Structural Elements
136
147
Foundations and Retaining Structures
136
4
Shallow Foundations
140
1
Differential Settlement
141
3
Heaving
144
7
Lateral Sliding
151
12
Other Lateral Retention Problems
163
5
Other Shallow Foundation Problems
168
8
Moving Water
176
6
Deep Foundations
182
6
Superstructures
188
3
Compression Elements
191
4
Columns
195
13
Walls
208
3
Exterior Walls
211
5
Interior Walls and Partitions
216
2
Tension Elements
218
5
Spanning Members
223
2
Rafters, Joists, Girders and Other Beams
225
23
Trusses
248
6
Cantilevers
254
1
Arches and Catenaries
255
6
Connections
261
1
Fixed Connections
262
11
Released Connections
273
10
Vertical Closure Systems
283
206
Functional Definition
283
1
Components and Description
284
1
Material Pathology
285
139
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
285
1
Thermal Transmission
286
9
Through Solid, Homogeneous, Single Layers
295
3
Through Multiple Layers
298
4
Temperature and Moisture Gradients
302
2
Thermal Inertia and Thermal Lag
304
7
Conductivity and Heating Rate
311
1
Solar Gain and Emissivity
312
4
Properties of Liquids
316
1
Water Absorption
317
4
Adsorption
321
4
Hydration
325
1
Hydrolysis
326
1
Pore Absorption
327
7
Internal and Interstitial Condensation
334
1
Moisture Mass and Content Delay
335
2
Freezing Water and Ice
337
2
The Freeze-Thaw Scenario
339
5
Lateral Motive Forces
344
10
Frost Progression
354
7
Crack Initiation and Propagation
361
Pressure Release and Air Entrainment
336
33
Intervention in Freeze-Thaw Cycling
369
8
Rising Damp and Salt Decay
377
2
Solutions and Salts
379
4
Chlorides
383
1
Nitrates
384
1
Sulfates
384
1
Carbonates
384
1
Evaporation and the Evaporative Engine
385
6
Efflorescence and Subflorescence
391
1
Efflorescence
391
1
Subflorescence
392
1
Other Salt-Related Decay Mechanisms
392
1
Salt Decay
393
5
Rising Damp
398
7
Acid Rain and Other Pollutants
405
6
Hazards of Cleaning
411
2
Particle Adhesion and Removal
413
2
Cleaning Methods
415
1
Water Cleaning
416
4
Abrasive Cleaning
420
2
Chemical Cleaning
422
1
Long-Term Effects of Cleaning
423
1
Systemic Pathology
424
65
How Walls Leak Water
425
1
Wall Types
426
1
Single-Layer Systems
427
1
Thick Single-Layer Systems
428
1
Thin Single-Layer Systems
429
1
Permeable Single Layers
429
2
Impermeable Single Layers
431
2
Thick Single-Layer Systems
433
5
Multiple-Layer Systems
438
1
Drained Cavity Systems
438
16
Pressure-Equalized Systems
454
9
Openings and Details
463
9
Why Leaks are Detrimental
472
6
Pathology of Vertical Closure Thermodynamics
478
1
Thermal Insulation
478
2
Infiltration and Air Seals
480
3
Vapor Barriers and Condensation
483
3
Thermal Restrofits of Walls
486
1
Vertical Closure Pathology
487
2
Horizontal Closure Systems
489
129
Functional Defintion
489
1
Components Description
490
4
Roof Types
490
4
Materials Pathology
494
37
Differential Thermal Movement
495
12
Corrosion and Galvanic Action
507
1
The Process of Alloying and Refining
508
4
Rates of Corrosion
512
3
The Conversion Process
515
5
The Sacrificial Process
520
7
UV and Ozone Degradation
527
4
Systemic Pathology
531
87
The Systems Approach to Building Assessment
533
5
How Roofs Leak Water
538
2
Single-Layer Systems
540
6
Ponding
546
1
Points of Entry
547
6
Ballast
553
3
Multiple-Layer Systems
556
4
Shingle Systems
560
3
Single Materials
563
6
Hybrid Systems
569
3
Gutter, Leader, and Drain Problems
572
6
Summary on Roofs
578
9
Parapets
587
6
Decks and Terraces
593
1
Paving over Unoccupied Areas
593
8
Paving over Occupied Areas
601
3
Site Drainage Problems
604
1
Plant Damage
604
1
Site-Water Damage
605
1
Designing for Water Disposal
606
5
Water Collection and Conveyance
611
7
The Active Systems
618
15
Utilities Systems
618
5
Power Supply
619
3
Hydraulic Supply
622
1
Environmental Modification Systems
623
7
Heating and Cooling
625
3
Humidity Control
628
1
Ventilation
629
1
Protection Systems
630
3
Security Systems
630
2
Emergency Systems
632
1
Epilogue
633
4
Glossary
637
6
Index
643