Foreword

Hon. John Anderson

Preface

PART I PRIVACY AND THE INFORMATION SNOOPERHIGHWAY

Chapter 1 Roadblocks on the Information Superhighway

The Information Snooperhighway

The Future of Privacy

PART II WIRETAPPING

Chapter 2 Overview of Wiretapping

2.1 Report on Applications for Orders Authorizing or Approving the Interception of Wire, Oral, or Electronic Communications (Wiretap Report)

Statistics Division, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts - May 1995

2.2 Can Wiretaps Remain Cost Effective?

Robin Hanson - December 1994, Communications of the ACM

2.3 Public Attitudes Toward Wiretapping, U.S. Department of Justice

Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1992, Table 2.52 - 1993

2.4 Olmstead v. US, Dissent

Justice Louis Brandeis

Justice Holmes - June 4, 1928

PART III LOBBYING FOR SURVEILLANCE: THE DIGITAL TELEPHONY PROPOSAL

Chapter 3 Government Pronouncements: The Digital Telephony Proposal

3.1 H. Rept. 103-827, Conference Report on H. R. 4922 (excerpts)

House Judiciary Committee - October 4, 1994

3.2 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994

Public Law 103-414 - October 25, 1994

3.3 Law Enforcement Requirements for the Surveillance of Electronic Communications

Federal Bureau of Investigation - June 1994

3.4 Speech before the American Law Institute (FBI Director Louis J. Freeh)

FBI Director William Freeh - May 19, 1994

Chapter 4 Behind the Curtain: Operation Root Canal

4.1 An Overview: Pre-Wiretapping Telephones: Operation Root Canal

David Banisar - July 1996

4.2 Legislative Strategy for Digital Telephony

Brent Scowcroft - January 17, 1992

4.3 Memorandum for the President

Brent Scowcroft - December 29, 1991

4.4 Technological, Competitiveness, and Policy Concerns

National Telecommunications and Information Agency, U. S. Department of Commerce - February 6, 1992

4.5 Teletype "Digital Telephony"--Request for Briefing by the Special Agents in Charge

FBI Director William Sessions - March 23, 1992

4.6 Digital Telephony Industry Meeting Information Memorandum

FBI Director William Sessions - April 10, 1992

4.7 Justice Revised Proposed Draft on Justice Draft Bill Digital Telephony

Lonnie P. Taylor, General Services Administration - May 7, 1992

4.8 Department of Justice Responses to GSA Comments on Digital Telephony Legislation

U. S. Department of Justice

4.9 Benefits and Costs of Legislation to Ensure the Government's Continued Capability to Investigate Crime with the Implementation of New Telecommunications Technologies

Federal Bureau of Investigation - 1992

4.10 Digital Telephony--Cost-Benefit Analysis

Betsy Anderson

Todd Buchholz, The White House - May 22, 1992

4.11 Digital Telephony

David McIntosh

James Gattuso, Office of the Vice President - May 22, 1994

4.12 Department of Justice's Cost Analysis, Digital Telephony, D-867

Ron Levy, Treasury - May 26, 1992

4.13 Digital Telephony Information Memorandum (7/17/92)

FBI Director William Sessions - May 26, 1992

4.14 Airtel, Digital Telephony Legislative Initiative

FBI Director William Sessions - July 17, 1992

4.15 Survey of Problems Encountered in Conducting Authorized Electronic Surveillance as Reported by FBI Field Offices

FBI - June 30, 1994

4.16 Letter to Peter Cassidy on NSA Role in Digital Telephony Proposal

Louise A. Baer, National Security Agency - November 30, 1994

Chapter 5 Digital Telephony: The Public Response

5.1 Keep Snoops Off-Line

Editorial - USA Today - March 7, 1994

5.2 A Closer Look on Wiretapping

Editorial - The New York Times - June 12, 1994

5.3 Statement of AT&T Corporation Before the House Committee on Civil and Constitutional Rights and Senate Subcommittee on Technology and the Law

AT&T Corporation - August 11, 1994

5.4 Testimony before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance Committee, U.S. House of Representatives

Roy Neel, U.S. Telephone Association - September 13, 1994

5.5 Letter to Congressman Jack Brooks

American Civil Liberties Union - September 22, 1994

5.6 Letter to Senator Malcolm Wallop

Marc Rotenberg

David Sobel, Electronic Privacy Information Center - October 6, 1994

PART IV CRYPTOGRAPHY

Chapter 6 Cryptography: The Cure for the Common Bug

6.1 Cryptography Primer

Bruce Schneier - 1995

6.2 Who Owns Cryptography?

Carl M. Ellison - September 7, 1994

6.3 E-Mail Security

Bruce Schneier - Dr. Dobb's Information Highway Sourcebook - Winter 1994

6.4 A Cypherpunk's Manifesto

Eric Hughes - March 9, 1993

PART V THE BATTLE FOR CONTROL OF CRYPTOGRAPHY

Chapter 7 The Field of Battle: An Overview

Overview

Who Will Watch the Watchers?

The Early Days

The Data Encryption Standard

Classification and Secrecy: Executive Orders, Directives, and Policies

Congress Steps In: The Computer Security Act of 1987

The Digital Signal Standard

The Clipper Chip and Key Escrow

Clipper with a Happy Face: Commercial Key Escrow

Export Controls

Conclusion

Notes

Chapter 8 Early Skirmishes

8.1 Executive Order

President Harry S. Truman - October 24, 1952

8.2 The NSA Perspective on Telecommunications Protection in the Nongovernmental Sector

Admiral Bobby Inman - 1979

8.3 National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 145

National Security Council - September 17, 1984

8.4 National Policy on Protection of Sensitive, but Unclassified Information in Federal Government Telecommunications and Automated Information Systems, National Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Policy (NTISSP 2)

Admiral John Poindexter - October 29, 1986

8.5 House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Report on the Computer Security Act of 1987 (H. R. 145)

U. S. Congress - June 11, 1987 (excepts)

8.6 Memorandum (NSDD-145 and the Computer Security Act)

Dr. Clinton Brooks - April 28, 1992

8.7 Memorandum of Understanding between the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Director of the National Security Agency Concerning the Implementation of Public Law 100-235

Raymond G. Kammer (NIST)

W. O. Studeman (NSA) - March 23, 1989

8.8 S-266, Omnibus Crime Bill of 1991, XXX 2201, Cooperation of Telecommunications Providers with Law Enforcement

U. S. Congress - 1991

8.9 Congressional Record 137 Cong. Rec. S1159-03 (Floor Statement on S-266)

Senator Joseph Biden - 1991

Chapter 9 The Clipper Chip Proposal

9.1 Statement by the Press Secretary

The White House - April 16, 1993

9.2 Questions and Answers About the Clinton Administration's Telecommunications Initiative

The White House - April 16, 1993

9.3 Announcement of Clipper Adoption, Statement of the Press Secretary

The White House - February 4, 1994

9.4 Fact Sheet: Public Encryption Management

The White House - February 4, 1994

9.5 Working Group on Data Security

The White House - February 4, 1994

9.6 Questions and Answers about the Clinton Administration's Encryption Policy

The White House - February 4, 1994

9.7 Attorney General Makes Key Escrow Encryption Announcements

U. S. Department of Justice - February 4, 1994

9.8 Authorization Procedures for Release of Encryption Key Components in Conjunction with Intercepts Pursuant to Title III

U. S. Department of Justice - February 4, 1994

9.9 Approval of Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 185, Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES)

U. S. Department of Commerce and National Institute of Standards and Technology - February 9, 1994 (excerpts)

9.10 Clipper Chip Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology - April 1993

9.11 Capstone Chip Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology - April 1993

9.12 Testimony Before the House Science, Space and Technology Committee's Technology, Environment, and Aviation Subcommittee

Dr. Clinton Brooks, Assistant-Director, NSA - May 3, 1994

Chapter 10 Unclassified: The Story behind Clipper

10.1 Presidential Decision Directive 5, Public Encryption Management

William J. Clinton, The White House - April 15, 1993

10.2 Presidential Review Directive 27, Advanced Telecommunications and Encryption

William J. Clinton - April 16, 1993

10.3 TWG Issue Number 1

National Institute of Standards and Technology May 5, 1989

10.4 Memorandum for the Record re: First Meeting of the NIST/NSA Technical Working Group (TWG)

Lynn McNulty - May 8, 1989

10.5 NIST Public Key Issues Outline

National Security Agency - May 1989

10.6 Status Report on TWG Issue Number 1

Lynn McNulty, NIST, and Anonymous, NSA - May 19, 1989

10.7 Technical Support to NIST

National Security Agency - October 19, 1990

10.8 Memorandum for the Record, NSA-NIST Technical Working Group (TWG) Meeting 11 April 1991

National Security Agency - April 24, 1991

10.9 Letter to Attorney General Barr

Vice-Admiral J. M. McConnell, NSA - October 28, 1992

10.10 Memorandum for Leon Fuerth re: Encryption

George J. Tenet, NSC - January 26, 1993

10.11 Memorandum for Leon Fuerth re: Encryption

George J. Tenet, NSC - February 9, 1993

10.12 Memorandum for Leon Fuerth and William Wise re: Help

George J. Tenet, NSC - March 5, 1993

10.13 Memorandum re: Meeting on Encryption Policy

Vice President Albert Gore, Jr. - March 30, 1993

10.14 Memorandum re: Package #20321 20322

George J. Tenet, NSC - April 12, 1993.

Chapter 11 Clipping the Clipper: Public Response to Desktop Surveillance

11.1 Sink the Clipper Chip

William Safire - The New York Times - February 14, 1994

11.2 Key Escrow: Its Impact and Alternatives, Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Technology and Law

Dr. Whitfield Diffie, Sun Microsystems - May 3, 1994

11.3 Statement of the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA)

Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA) - May 27, 1993

11.4 Statement on Encryption Technology and Policy Before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance, U. S. House of Representatives

Marc Rotenberg, CPSR - June 9, 1993

11.5 Statement Before NIST Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board Hearing

American Civil Liberties Union - May 28, 1993

11.6 Proposed FIPS for Escrowed Encryption Standard (CPSR Comments to NIST)

CPSR Washington Office - September 27, 1993

11.7 Letter to President Clinton on Clipper

Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, Washington Office - December 8, 1993

11.8 Experts Letter to President Clinton on Clipper

Various Authors - January 24, 1994

11.9 Position Statement on Encryption Policy

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers United States Activities Board-January 1994

11.10 USACM Position on the Escrowed Encryption Standard

Association for Computing, U. S. Public Policy Committee - 1994

PART VI PUTTING THE GENIE BACK IN THE BOTTLE: EXPORT CONTROLS ON CRYPTOGRAPHY

Chapter 12 Atom Bombs, Fighter Planes, Machine Guns, and Cryptography: Export Controls

12.1 Electronic Speech--for Domestic Use Only

Bruce Schneier - Network World - January 15, 1995

12.2 My Life as an International Arms Courier

Matt Blaze, AT&T - January 1995

12.3 Testimony Before the Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Technology and the Law, United States Senate

Stephen Walker, TIS - May 3, 1994 (excerpts)

12.4 Report on Foreign Legal and Regulatory Controls on Imports and Use of Data Encryption Systems

DCI Counterintelligence Center - February 3, 1993

12.5 CIA Memorandum: Selected Foreign Trends in Telecommunications Technology

Central Intelligence Agency - 1993 (excerpt)

12.6 Identification and Analysis of Foreign Laws and Regulations Pertaining to the Use of Commercial Encryption Products for Voice and Data Communications

National Institute of Standards and Technology - January, 1994

12.7 Advanced Telecommunications and Encryption (Memoranda, PRD/NSC 27)

Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense - April 20, 1993

12.8 A Study of the International Market for Computer Software with Encryption

Commerce Department & NSA - July 1995

Chapter 13 Untying the Gordian Knot: Efforts to Relax Export Controls

13.1 Letter to President Clinton on Export Controls

U. S. Congress, House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs - September 30, 1993

13.2 S. 1926 Promotion of Commerce On-Line in the Digital Era (Pro-CODE) Act

Senator Conrad Burns - March 5, 1996

13.3 Testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation on S. 1726

Jim Barksdale, Netscape Communications - June 12, 1996

13.4 Report on H. R. 3627 Omnibus Export Administration Act of 1994

House Intelligence Committee - June 16, 1994 (excerpts)

PART VII BIG BROTHER AS THE KEEPER OF THE KEYS: WILL THE GOVERNMENT TAKE OVER CRYPTO?

Chapter 14 Banning Cryptography

14.1 Options to Address Encryption Effects on Law Enforcement [censored]

National Security Agency - Undated (1993)

14.2 Jacking in from the Narco-Terrorist Encryption Port

Brock Meeks - Cyberwire Dispatch - May 1995

14.3 S. 974 Anti-Electronic Racketeering Act of 1995

Senator Charles Grassley

14.4 Floor Statement on the Anti-Electronic Racketeering Act of 1995

Senator Charles Grassley

14.5 EPIC Analysis of Encryption Provisions of S. 974

David Sobel, Electronic Privacy Information Center - July 19, 1995

Chapter 15 Software Key Escrow

15.1 Letter to Rep. Maria Cantwell

Vice President Al Gore - July 20, 1994

15.2 Commercial Key Escrow

Steven Walker et al., Trusted Information Systems - January 3, 1995

15.3 Administration Statement on Commercial Encryption Policy

White House - July 12, 1996

15.4 Comments on Draft Export Criteria for Key Escrow Encryption

David Sobel, Electronic Privacy Information Center - December 5, 1995

Epilog

Bruce Schneier

Bibliography of Books and Articles on Wiretapping and Cryptography

Index