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Tables of Contents for The Physics and Chemistry of Materials
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xxi
List of Tables
xxvii
Introduction
1
4
SECTION I STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
Structure of Crystals
5
32
Introduction
5
1
Introduction to Lattices
6
1
Translation Vectors
6
2
Unit Cells
8
1
Bravais Lattices
8
3
Lattice Axes, Planes, and Directions
11
4
Local Atomic Bonding Units and Crystal Structures
14
1
Local Atomic Bonding Units
15
5
Crystal Structures
20
12
Packing Fractions and Densities
32
5
References
34
1
Problems
35
2
Topic at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Crystal Structures Based on Icosahedral Bonding Units
Packing Fractions of BCC and CsCl Crystal Structures
Density of CsCl
Problem
Bonding in Solids
37
30
Introduction
37
3
Bonding in Elemental Solis
39
1
Covalent Bonding
40
4
Metallic Bonding
44
1
van der Waals Bonding
45
3
Bonding in Multielement Crystals
47
1
Ionic Bonding
48
5
Mixed Ionic-Covalent Bonding and Ionicity
53
1
Hydrogen Bonding
53
5
Cohesive Energies
54
3
Summary of Some Atomic Properties and Parameters
57
1
Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity
58
1
Electronegativity
58
2
Atomic adii: Ionic, covalent, Metallic, and van der Waals
60
7
References
65
1
Problems
65
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Atomic, Hybrid, and Molecular Orbitals Involved in Bonding in Solid-State Materials
Absence of Covalent Bonding in White Sn (β-Sn) and Pb
Madelung Energy of Ionic Crystals
Hydrogen Bonding in Ice (Solid H2O)
Standard Enthalpies of Formation
Bond Energies
Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities
Valence
Electronegativity
Atomic Radii
References
Problems
Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice
67
18
Diffraction
67
1
Fourier Analysis in One ad Three Dimensions
68
3
Examples of Reciprocal Lattices
71
4
Elastic Scattering from Ordered and Disordered Materials
73
2
Crystalline Solids
75
2
Bragg and von Laue Descriptions of Diffraction
77
1
Polycrystalline Solids or Powders
78
3
Elastic Scattering from an Amorphous Solid
81
4
References
82
1
Problems
83
2
Topic at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Voronoi Polyhedra
Molecular Geometry and Basis Structure from Diffraction Data
Reference
Problem
Order and Disorder in Solids
85
36
Introduction
85
6
Order and Disorder
86
5
Examples of Ordered and Disordered Solids
91
5
Amorphous Solids
96
7
Defects in Solids
100
3
Localized Defects
103
3
Extended Defects
106
5
thermodynamics of Defect Formation: Entropy
111
4
Examples of Defect Studies
115
6
References
117
1
Problems
117
4
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Further Discussion of the Random Close-Packing Model
Further Discussion of the Continuous Random Network Model
Illustrations of the Law of Mass Action
Nonstoichiometry
Reference
SECTION II PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Phonons
121
32
Excitations of the Lattice: Phonons
121
1
One-Dimensional Monatomic Lattice
122
4
One-Dimensional Diatomic Lattice
126
2
Phonons: General Case
128
2
Phonon Density of States
130
4
Lattice Specific Heat of Solids
133
1
Specific Heat of Solids
134
1
Debye Theory of Specific Heat
135
3
Einstein Theor of Specific Heat
138
1
Debye-Waller Factor
139
1
Anharmonic Effects
139
1
Thermal Expansion
140
4
Thermal Conductivity
144
9
References
150
1
Problems
151
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Monatomic Lattice ith Random Interactions
Debye-Waller Factor
Quantization of Elastic Waves
Dispersion Relations in the General Case
Van Hove Singularities
Thermally Activated Processes, Phase Diagrams, and Phase Transitions
153
34
Introduction
153
1
Thermally Activated Processes
153
1
Diffusion
153
7
Vaporization
160
2
Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
161
1
Pure Substances
162
1
Binary Systems
163
10
Structural Phase Transitions
173
1
Melting
173
5
Solid-State Phase Transitions
178
9
References
184
1
Problems
185
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Concentration Profiles Resulting from Diffusion
Examples of Diffusion Studies
Examples of Vaporization Studies
Gibbs Phase Rule
Problems
Electrons in Solids: Electrical and Thermal Properties
187
44
Introduction
187
1
Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction
188
1
Drude Theory
188
2
Hall Effect in Metals
190
1
Free-Electron Gases
191
1
Sommerfeld Theory
191
5
Transport Theory
196
1
Onsager Relations
196
1
The Quantum Theory of Solids
197
1
Bloch's Theorem
197
3
Nearly Free Electron Approximation
200
4
Tigt-Binding Approximation in One Dimension
204
3
Tight-Bindign Approximation in Two Dimensions
207
2
Metals, Insulators, Semiconductors, and Semimetals
209
2
Quantum Effects in Electrical Conduction
211
1
Temperature Dependence of Resistivity in Metals
211
1
Semiconductors
212
2
Magnetoresistance
214
2
Conduction in Insulators
216
1
Variable-Range Hopping
216
2
Poole-Frenkel Effect
218
1
Metal-Insulator Transition
219
1
Percolation
219
3
Mott Metal-Insulator Transition
222
1
Conductivity of Reduced-Dimensional Systems
223
1
Carbon Nanotubes
223
5
Landauer Theory of Conduction
228
3
References
229
1
Problems
229
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Boltzmann Equation
Random Tight-Binding Approximation
Kronig-Penney Model
Hall Effect in Band Theory
Localization
Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Appendix W7A: Evaluation of Fermi Integrals
Optical Properties of Materials
231
30
Introduction
231
1
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
232
1
AC Conductivity of Metals
233
1
Reflectivity
234
7
Optical Properties fo Semiconductors
241
2
Optical Dielectric Function
243
2
Kramers-Kronig Relations
245
1
Optical Properties of Composite Media
246
1
Nonlinear Polarization
247
3
Excitons
250
3
Color Centers
253
1
olaritons
254
1
Emissivity
254
7
References
258
1
Problems
258
3
Topic at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Index Ellipsoid and Phase Matching
Polaritons
Maxwell's Equations
Nonlocal Dielectric Function
Quantum-Mechanical Derivation of the Dielectric Function
Magetic Properties of Materials
261
50
Introduction
261
1
Origins of Magnetism in Solids
261
1
Free Atoms and Ions
261
5
Atoms and Ions in Solids
266
12
Types of Magnetism and Magnetic Behvior in Materials
276
2
Paramagnetism
278
5
Interactions Between Magnetic Moments
283
4
Ferromagnetism
287
10
Antiferromagnetism
297
4
Ferimagnetism
301
3
Magnetic Behavior of Electrons in Closed Shells and of Conduction Electrons
304
7
References
309
1
Problems
309
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Jahn-Teller Effect
Examples of Weak and Strong Crystal Field Effects
crystal Fields and Cr3+ in Al2O3
Experimental Results for Χ in the Free-Spin Limit
Spin Glasses and the RKKY Interaction
Kondo Effect and s-d Interaction
Χ(T) for Ni
Hubbard Model
Microscopic Origins of Magnetocrystalline Anistropy
Χ and &Chi⊥ for Antiferromagnetic Materials
Magnetism in Disordered Materials
References
Problems
Mechanical Properties of Materials
311
46
Introduction
311
1
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Constants
311
1
Stress
312
2
Strain
314
3
Relationships Between Stress and Strain Elastic Constants
317
3
Elastic Properties of Materials
320
1
Hooke's Law, Young's Modulus, and Shear Modulus
320
3
Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
323
1
Poisson's Ratio
324
1
Isotropic Solids: Relationships Between the Elastic Mouli
325
1
Elastic Potential Energy
326
1
Elastic Waves
327
3
Anelastic Properties of Materials
330
1
Macroscopic Aspects of Anelasticity
330
2
Microscopic Aspects of Anelasticity
332
3
Inelastic Properties of Materials
334
1
Macroscopic aspects of Plasticity and Fracture
335
6
Microscopic Aspects of Plasticity and Fracture
341
16
References
351
1
Problems
351
6
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Relationship of Hooke's Law to the Interatomic U(r)
Zener Model for Anelasticity
Typical Relaxation Times for Micoscopic Processes
Further Discussion of Work Hardening
Strengthening Mechanisms
Creep Testing
Further discussion of Fatigue
Hardness Testing
Further Discussion of Hall-Petch Relation
Analysis of Crack Propagation
Reference
Problems
SECTION III CLASSES OF MATERIALS
Semiconductors
357
86
Introduction
357
2
Characteristic Properties of Semiconductors
357
2
Microscopic Properties
359
1
Energy-Band structure and Energy Gaps
359
7
Dynamics of Electron Motion
366
1
Exciterd States of Elecrons
367
7
Doping and Defects
374
8
Dimensionality and Quantum Confinement
382
3506
Macroscopic Properties
387
3501
Electrical Conductivity and Mobility
388
Effects of Magnetic Fields
394
2
Optical Properties
396
9
Examples of Semiconductors
404
1
Elemental Semiconductors and their Compounds and Allys
405
4
Compound Semiconductros and Their Alloys
409
10
Applications of Semiconductors
419
1
Critical Issues
419
15
Specific Application
434
9
References
439
1
Problems
440
3
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Details of the calculation of n(T) for an n-Type Semiconductor
Effects of Doping on Resistivity of Silicon
Optical Absorption Edge of Silicon
Thermoelectric Effects
Dielectric Model for Bonding
Nonstandard Semiconductors
Further Discussion of Nonequilibrium Effects and Recombination
Transistors
Quantum Hall Effect
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Thermoelectric Devices
Landau Levels
References
Problems
Metals and Alloys
443
22
Introduction
443
1
Three Classes of Metals
444
1
sp-Bonded Metals
444
5
Transition Metals
449
2
Rare Earth Metals
451
2
Alloys
452
1
Hume--Rothery Rules
453
2
Electrical Resistance of Metallic Alloys
455
2
Examples and Applications of Metallic Alloys
457
1
Steel
457
1
Intermetallic Compounds and Superalloys
458
4
Electromigration
462
3
References
463
1
Problem
464
1
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Density-Functional Theory
Embedded-Atom Method
Peierls Instability
Corrosion and Oxidation
Coatings
Shape-Memory Alloys
Metallic Glasses
Metal Hydrides
Solder Joints and Their Failure
Porous Metals
References
Ceramics
465
26
Introduction
465
2
Pauling Bonding Rules
467
2
Ionic Interactions
469
2
Applications
471
1
Refractories
471
4
Silicon Nitride
475
2
Zeolites
477
4
Glasses
481
10
Refereces
488
1
Problems
489
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Ternary Phase Diagrams
Silicates
Clay
Cement
Radius Ratios and Polyhedral Coordination
References
Problems
Polymers
491
34
Introduction
491
4
Structure of Polymers
492
3
Geometry of Polymers
495
2
Polymer Crystals
497
1
Defects in Polymers
498
4
Mechanical Properties
501
1
Polymers Under Tension
502
4
Viscoelasticity
506
4
Thermal Properties
510
1
Thermal Properties of Polymers
510
4
Applications
514
1
Structural Plastics
514
1
Polymeric Ionic Conductors
515
1
Photoresists
516
1
Piezoelectric Polymers
517
2
Liquid Crystals
519
6
References
522
1
Problems
523
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Structure of Ideal Linear Polymers
Self-Avoiding Walks
Persistence Length
Free-Volume Theory
Polymeric Foams
Porous Films
Electrical Conductivity of Polymers
Polymers as Nonlinear Optical Materials
Problems
Dielectric and Ferroelectric Materials
525
24
Introduction
525
1
Lorentz Oscillator Model for the Dielectric Function
525
4
Dielectric Properties of Ionic Crystals
529
1
Dielectric Breakdown
530
3
Applications
533
1
Ferroelectric Phase Transitions
533
3
Ferroelectricity and Piezoelectricity
536
5
Thermistors
541
2
Varistors
543
2
β-Aluminas and Ionic Transport in Solids
545
4
References
547
1
Problems
547
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Capacitors
Substrates
First-Order Ferroelectric Phase Transitions
Nonvolatile Ferroelectric Random-Access Memory
Quartz Crystal Oscillator
Lithium-Ion Battery
Fuel Cells
References
Problem
Superconductors
549
54
Introduction
549
2
Characteristic Properties of Superconductors
550
1
Macroscopic Properties and Models
551
20
Microscopic Properties and Models
571
10
Examples of Superconductors
581
1
Metallic Elements
581
1
Oxide-Based Ceramics
582
7
Applications of Superconductors
589
1
Critical Issues
589
6
Specific Applications
595
8
References
599
1
Problems
599
4
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Further Discussion of Thermal Conductivity in Superconductors
Two-Fluid Model
Superconducting Alloys of Metallic Elements
Superconducting Intermetallic Compounds
Further Discussion of Structure, Bonding, Composition, and Normal-State Properties of the Oxide-Based Ceramic Superconductors
Further Discussion of Superconducting-State Properties of the Oxide-Based Ceramic Superconductors
Unusual Superconductors
Further Discussion of Critical Currents
Further Discussion of Large-Scale Applications
Josephson Effects
SQUIDS and Other Small-Scale Applications
Reference
Problems
Magnetic Materials
603
42
Introduction
603
1
Characteristic Properties of Magnetic Materials
603
1
Magnetic Microstructure and Domains
604
7
Magnetization Processes and Magnetization Curves
611
5
Magnetically Hard and Soft Materials
616
1
Effects of Magnetic Anisotropy
617
3
Effects of Shape and Size
620
3
Important Effects in Magnetic Materials
622
1
Magnetostriction
623
3
Magnetoresistance
626
1
Magneto-Optical Effects
627
1
Dynamic Magnetic Effects
628
3
Examples and Applications of Magnetic Materials
629
2
Hard Magnetic Materials
631
4
Soft Magnetic Materials
635
10
References
641
1
Problems
641
4
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Details on Domain Structures
Details on Size and Shape Effects
Details on Magnetostriction
Giant and Colossal Magnetoresistance
Faraday and Kerr Effects
Details on Dynamic Magnetic Effects
Technologically Important Magnetic Materials
Details on Permanent-Magnet Materials
Details on Magnetic Recording Materials
Details on Magneto-Optical Recording Materials
Details on Fe Alloys and Electrical Steels
Details on Materials for Read/Write Heads
Details on Magnetostrictive Materials
Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
References
Problems
Optical Materials
645
34
Introduction
645
1
Propagation of Light
646
1
Optical Fibers
646
4
Generation of Light
650
1
Lasers
650
3
Light-Emitting Diodes and Semiconductor Lasers
653
4
Ceramics for Lasers
657
2
Bandgap Engineering of Optical Materials
659
3
Recording of Light
662
1
Photography
662
4
Photoconductors and Xerography
666
2
Electro-optic Effect and Photorefractive Materials
668
11
References
674
1
Problems
675
4
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Optical Polarizers
Faraday Rotation
Theory of Optical Band Structure
Damage
References
Problem
SECTION IV SURFACES, THIN FILMS, INTERFACES, AND MULTILAYERS
Surfaces
679
36
Introduction
679
1
Ideal Surfaces
680
2
Real Surfaces
682
1
Relaxation
682
3
Reconstruction
685
2
Surface Defects
687
3
Electronic Properties of Surfaces
690
1
Work Function
690
3
Thermionic Emission
693
2
Field Emission
695
2
Photoemission
697
1
Surface States
698
1
Surface Modification
699
1
Anodization
699
1
Passivation
700
2
Surface Phonons
702
3
Surface Processes
705
2
Adhesion and Friction
707
1
Sufface Plasmons
707
1
Dispersion Forces
708
2
Friction
710
5
References
713
1
Problems
713
2
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Surface States
Surfactants
Adsorption
Desorption
Surface Diffusion
Catalysis
Friction
Construction of the Surface Net
Fowler--Nordheim Formula
Photoemission Yields
Thin Films, Interfaces, and Multilayers
715
36
Introduction
715
1
Thin Films
716
1
Surface Tension
716
2
Thin-Film Fabrication
718
3
Morphology Maps
721
2
Langmuir--Blodgett Films
723
3
Interfaces
725
1
Grain Boundaries
726
3
Band Bending in Semiconductors
729
3
Schottky Barrier
732
2
Semiconductor--Heterostructure Superlattices
734
3
Quantum Dot
737
3
Si/a-SiO2 Interface
740
2
Multilayers
742
1
X-ray Mirrors
742
1
Hardness of Multilayers
743
1
Stoichiometric Optimization of Physical Parameters
744
7
References
746
1
Problems
747
4
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Strength and Toughness
Critical
Thickness
Ionic Solutions
Solid--Electrolyte Interface
Multilayer Materials
Second-Harmonic Generation in Phase-Matched Multilayers
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Quasiperiodic Nonlinear Optical Crystals
Graphite Intercalated Compounds
References
Problem
SECTION V SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF MATERIALS
Synthesis and Processing of Materials
751
52
Introduction
751
2
Issues in Synthesis and Processing
752
1
Thermodynamic and Chemical Effects
753
4
Kinetic Effects
757
5
Crystal Growth
762
2
Annealing
764
4
Synthesis and Processing of Semiconductors
767
1
Czochralski Growth of Single-Crystal Silicon
768
3
Thermal Oxidation of Silicon
771
4
Fabrication of Silicon Devices
775
4
Synthesis and Processing of Metals
778
1
Synthesis and Processing of Steels
779
6
Synthesis and Processing of Stainless Steels
785
3
Synthesis and Processing of Ceramics and Glasses
787
1
Powder Synthesis
788
2
Sol--Gel Synthesis
790
2
Synthesis and Processing of Polymers and Carbon Molecules
792
1
Polymerization
792
2
Catalysts in Polymer Synthesis
794
2
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
796
7
References
798
1
Problems
799
4
Topics at the Web Site (ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Synthesis and Processing Procedures
Heteroepitaxial Growth
Processing Using Ion Beams
Float-Zone Purification of Single-Crystal Si
Epitaxial Growth of Single-Crystal Si Layers via CVD
Molecular-Beam Epitaxial Growth of GaAs
Plasma-Enhanced CVD of Amorphous Semiconductors
Fabrication of Si Devices
Processing of Microelectromechanical Systems
Synthesis and Processing of Steels
Precipitation Hardening of Aluminum Alloys
Synthesis of Metals via Rapid Solidification
Surface Treatments for Metals
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond
Synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7-x
Synthesis of Si3N4
Synthesis of SiC
Synthesis of the Zeolite ZSM-5
Synthesis of the Perovskite PLZT
Synthesis of Glasses: Pilkington Process
Synthesis of Polycarbonate
Synthesis of Polystyrene
Synthesis of Electro-active Polymers
Spin Coating
Microwave and Plasma Processing of Polymers
References
Problems
Characterization of Materials
(ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/materials)
Introduction
Diffraction Techniques
X-ray Diffraction
Low-Energy Electron Diffraction
Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction
Neutron Scattering
Optical Spectroscopy
Optical Spectroscopy in the Infrared, Visible, and Ultraviolet
Ellipsometry
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
Luminescence
Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy
Electron Microscopy
Scanning-Electron Microscopy
Transmission-Electron Microscopy
High-Resolution Transmission-Electron Microscopy
Low-Energy Electron Microscopy
Electron Spectroscopy and Ion Scattering
Photoemission
Low-Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy
Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
Auger Emission Spectroscopy
Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry
Rutherford Backscattering
Surface Microscopy
Atomic-Force Microscopy
Scanning-Tunneling Microscope
Lateral-Force Microscope and Surface Force Apparatus
Transport Measurements
Electrical Resistivity and Hall Effect
Thermopower, Peltier Coefficient, and Thermal Conductivity
Magnetic Measurements
Foner Magnetometer
Faraday Balance
AC Bridge
Resonance Techniques
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
Electron-Spin Resonance
Mossbauer Spectroscopy
Elementary Particles
Positron-Annihilation Spectroscopy
Muon-Precession Spectroscopy
Quantum-Mechanical Description of NMR
References
Problems
Appendix WA: Thermodynamics
Appendix WB: Statistical Mechanics
Appendix WC: Quantum Mechanics
Materials Index
803
8
Index
811