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Tables of Contents for Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
CHAPTER 1: MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1
40
1.1 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
1
15
1.1.1 i-H Relation
1
2
1.1.2 B-H Relation
3
1
1.1.3 Magnetic Equivalent Circuit
3
2
1.1.4 Magnetization Curve
5
1
1.1.5 Magnetic Circuit with Air Gap
6
7
1.1.6 Inductance
13
3
1.2 HYSTERESIS
16
6
1.2.1 Hysteresis Loss
18
2
1.2.2 Eddy Current Loss
20
1
1.2.3 Core Loss
21
1
1.3 SINUSOIDAL EXCITATION
22
4
1.3.1 Exciting Current
25
1.4 PERMANENT MAGNET
26
6
1.4.1 Magnetization of Permanent Magnets
27
1
1.4.2 Approximate Design of Permanent Magnets
28
1
1.4.3 Permanent Magnet Materials
29
3
1.5 PROBLEMS
32
9
CHAPTER 2: TRANSFORMERS
41
54
2.1 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
44
6
2.1.1 Impedance Transfer
46
2
2.1.2 Polarity
48
2
2.2 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
50
8
2.2.1 Referred Equivalent Circuits
52
1
2.2.2 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters
53
5
2.3 VOLTAGE REGULATION
58
4
2.4 EFFICIENCY
62
4
2.4.1 Maximum Efficiency
63
1
2.4.2 All-Day (or Energy) Efficiency
64
2
2.5 AUTOTRANSFORMER
66
3
2.6 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
69
10
2.6.1 Bank of Three Single-Phase Transformers (Three-Phase Transformer Bank)
69
9
2.6.2 Three-Phase Transformer on a Common Magnetic Core (Three-Phase Unit Transformer)
78
1
2.7 HARMONICS IN THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANKS
79
4
2.8 PER-UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
83
5
2.8.1 Transformer Equivalent Circuit in Per-Unit Form
85
1
2.8.2 Full-Load Copper Loss
86
2
PROBLEMS
88
7
CHAPTER 3: ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
95
26
3.1 ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESS
95
1
3.2 FIELD ENERGY
96
6
3.2.1 Energy, Coenergy
101
1
3.3 MECHANICAL FORCE IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM
102
7
3.3.1 Linear System
104
5
3.4 ROTATING MACHINES
109
3
3.5 CYLINDRICAL MACHINES
112
3
PROBLEMS
115
6
CHAPTER 4: DC MACHINES
121
86
4.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC CONVERSION
121
7
4.2 DC MACHINES
128
18
4.2.1 Construction
128
2
4.2.2 Evolution of DC Machines
130
2
4.2.3 Armature Windings
132
5
4.2.4 Armature Voltage
137
1
4.2.5 Developed (or Electromagnetic) Torque
138
3
4.2.6 Magnetization (or Saturation) Curve of a DC Machine
141
2
4.2.7 Classification of DC Machines
143
3
4.3 DC GENERATORS
146
21
4.3.1 Separately Excited DC Generator
146
7
4.3.2 Shunt (Self-Excited) Generator
153
7
4.3.3 Compound DC Machines
160
4
4.3.4 Series Generator
164
2
4.3.5 Interpoles or Commutator Poles
166
1
4.4 DC MOTORS
167
20
4.4.1 Shunt Motor
168
12
4.4.2 Series Motor
180
3
4.4.3 Starter
183
4
4.5 SPEED CONTROL
187
10
4.5.1 Ward-Leonard System
188
1
4.5.2 Solid-State Control
188
7
4.5.3 Closed-Loop Operation
195
2
4.6 PERMANENT MAGNET DC (PMDC) MOTORS
197
1
4.7 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) MOTORS
198
2
4.8 PROBLEMS
200
7
CHAPTER 5: INDUCTION (ASYNCHRONOUS) MACHINES
207
85
5.1 CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
207
2
5.2 ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
209
5
5.2.1 Graphical Method
211
2
5.2.2 Analytical Method
213
1
5.3 INDUCED VOLTAGES
214
2
5.4 POLYPHASE INDUCTION MACHINE
216
4
5.4.1 Standstill Operation
216
1
5.4.2 Phase Shifter
217
1
5.4.3 Induction Regulator
217
1
5.4.4 Running Operation
218
2
5.5 THREE MODES OF OPERATION
220
2
5.5.1 Motoring
220
1
5.5.2 Generating
220
1
5.5.3 Plugging
221
1
5.6 INVERTED INDUCTION MACHINE
222
1
5.7 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL
222
7
5.7.1 Stator Winding
223
1
5.7.2 Rotor Circuit
224
2
5.7.3 Complete Equivalent Circuit
226
1
5.7.4 Various Equivalent Circuit Configurations
226
2
5.7.5 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
228
1
5.8 NO-LOAD TEST, BLOCKED-ROTOR TEST, AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
229
4
5.9 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
233
6
5.10 POWER FLOW IN THREE MODES OF OPERATION
239
9
5.11 EFFECTS OF ROTOR RESISTANCE
248
4
5.11.1 Wound-Rotor Motors
249
1
5.11.2 Deep-Bar Squirrel-Cage Motors
250
1
5.11.3 Double-Cage Rotors
251
1
5.12 CLASSES OF SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTORS
252
5.13 SPEED CONTROL
254
15
5.13.1 Pole Changing
254
1
5.13.2 Line Voltage Control
254
3
5.13.3 Line Frequency Control
257
3
5.13.4 Constant-Slip Frequency Operation
260
1
5.13.5 Closed-Loop Control
260
3
5.13.6 Constant-Flux,p, (or E/f) Operation
263
1
5.13.7 Constant-Current Operation
264
1
5.13.8 Rotor Resistance Control
265
3
5.13.9 Rotor Slip Energy Recovery
268
1
5.14 STARTING OF INDUCTION MOTORS
269
1
5.15 TIME AND SPACE HARMONICS
270
8
5.15.1 Time Harmonics
271
5
5.15.2 Space Harmonics
276
2
5.16 LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR (LIM)
278
3
PROBLEMS
281
11
CHAPTER 6: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
292
81
6.1 CONSTRUCTION OF THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
295
1
6.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
296
7
6.2.1 The Infinite Bus
299
4
6.3 SYNCHROMOUS MOTORS
303
3
6.4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL
306
9
6.4.1 Determination of the Synchronous Reactance Xs
308
3
6.4.2 Phasor Diagram
311
4
6.5 POWER AND TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS
315
10
6.6 CAPABILITY CURVES
325
1
6.7 POWER FACTOR CONTROL
326
4
6.8 INDEPENDENT GENERATORS
330
1
6.9 SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
331
11
6.9.1 Power Transfer
335
6
6.9.2 Determination of Xd and Xq
341
1
6.10 SPEED CONTROL OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
342
6
6.10.1 Frequency Control
342
3
6.10.2 Self-Controlled Synchronous Motor
345
2
6.10.3 Closed-Loop Control
347
1
6.10.4 Equivalent DC Motor Characteristics
347
1
6.11 APPLICATIONS
348
2
6.12 LINEAR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR (LSM)
350
1
6.13 BRUSHLESS DC (BLDC) MOTORS
351
6
6.14 SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS (SRM)
357
8
6.14.1 Basic Operation of SRM
357
1
6.14.2 Modelling and Torque Production
358
6
6.14.3 Power Converter Circuit
364
1
6.14.4 Applications
364
1
PROBLEMS
365
8
CHAPTER 7: SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS
373
51
7.1 SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
374
19
7.1.1 Double Revolving Field Theory
374
5
7.1.2 Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor
379
7
7.1.3 Starting of Single-Phase Induction Motors
386
2
7.1.4 Classification of Motors
388
3
7.1.5 Characteristics and Typical Applications
391
2
7.2 STARTING WINDING DESIGN
393
10
7.2.1 Design of Split-Phase (Resistance-Start) Motors
395
2
7.2.2 Design of Capacitor-Start Motors
397
6
7.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CAPICITOR-RUN MOTOR
403
6
7.4 SINGLE-PHASE SERIES (UNIVERSAL) MOTORS
409
6
7.5 SINGLE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
415
2
7.5.1 Reluctance Motors
415
1
7.5.2 Hysteresis Motors
416
1
7.6 SPEED CONTROL
417
2
PROBLEMS
419
5
CHAPTER 8: SPECIAL MACHINES
424
31
8.1 SERVOMOTORS
424
9
8.1.1 DC Servomotors
424
1
8.1.2 AC Servomotors
425
2
8.1.3 Analysis: Transfer Function and Block Diagram
427
6
8.1.4 Three-Phase AC Servomotors
433
1
8.2 SYNCHROS
433
6
8.2.1 Voltage Relations
435
1
8.2.2 Applications
436
3
8.3 STEPPER MOTORS
439
12
8.3.1 Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
440
4
8.3.2 Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
444
2
8.3.3 Drive Circuits
446
5
PROBLEMS
451
4
CHAPTER 9: TRANSIENTS AND DYNAMICS
455
38
9.1 DC MACHINES
455
12
9.1.1 Separately Excited DC Generator
455
6
9.1.2 DC Motor Dynamics
461
6
9.2 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
467
16
9.2.1 Three-Phase Short Circuit
467
9
9.2.2 Dynamics: Sudden Load Change
476
7
9.3 INDUCTION MACHINES
483
2
9.4 TRANSFORMER; TRANSIENT INRUSH CURRENT
485
PROBLEMS
488
5
CHAPTER 10: POWER SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTERS
493
76
10.1 POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
494
14
10.1.1 Thyristor (SCR)
494
4
10.1.2 Triac
498
1
10.1.3 GTO (Gate-Turn-Off) Thyristor
499
2
10.1.4 Power Transistor (BJT)
501
3
10.1.5 Power MOSFET
504
2
10.1.6 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
506
1
10.1.7 MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT)
506
1
10.1.8 Diode
507
1
10.2 CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
508
21
10.2.1 Single-Phase Circuits
509
10
10.2.2 Three-Phase Circuits
519
10
10.3 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS
529
4
10.3.1 Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers
529
1
10.3.2 Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers
530
3
10.4 CHOPPERS
533
8
10.4.1 Step-Down Chopper (Buck Converter)
533
2
10.4.2 Step-Up Chopper (Boost Converter)
535
2
10.4.3 Step-Down and Step-Up Chopper (Buck-Boost Converter)
537
2
10.4.4 Two-Quadrant Chopper
539
2
10.5 INVERTERS
541
14
10.5.1 Voltage Source Inverters (VSI)
542
10
10.5.2 Current Source Inverters (CSI)
552
3
10.6 CYCLOCONVERTERS
555
4
10.6.1 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter
555
2
10.6.2 Three-Phase Cycloconverter
557
2
PROBLEMS
559
10
APPENDIX A: WINDINGS
569
14
A.1 MMF DISTRIBUTION
569
3
A.2 INDUCED VOLTAGES
572
1
A.3 WINDING ARRANGEMENT
572
4
A.3.1 Winding Factor
573
3
A.4 SPACE HARMONICS AND WINDING FACTORS
576
2
A.5 TIME HARMONIC VOLTAGES
578
4
PROBLEMS
582
1
APPENDIX B: BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
583
17
B.1 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS
583
3
B.2 BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
586
3
B.2.1 Star (Y) Connection
588
1
B.2.2 Delta ( ) Connection
589
1
B.3 BALANCED THREE-PHASE LOAD
589
4
B.4 -Y TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
593
1
B.5 PER-PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
594
1
B.6 THREE-PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT
595
5
APPENDIX C: UNITS AND CONSTANTS
600
1
C.1 UNITS
600
1
C.2 CONSTANTS
600
1
APPENDIX D: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
601
1
APPENDIX E: ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS
602
7
INDEX
609