search for books and compare prices
Tables of Contents for Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods
1
36
Introduction
1
1
General Measurement System
2
2
Experimental Text Plan
4
9
Variables
5
1
Parameters
6
1
Noise and Interference
6
2
Random Tests
8
4
Replication and Repetition
12
1
Calibration
13
9
Static Calibration
14
1
Dynamic Calibration
14
1
Static Sensitivity
15
1
Range
15
1
Accuracy
15
3
Sequence Calibration
18
1
Random Calibration
19
3
Standards
22
6
Mass
23
1
Time
23
1
Length
24
1
Temperature
24
1
Electrical Dimensions
25
1
Force
25
1
Derived Units
26
1
Hierarchy of Standards
27
1
Test Standards
28
1
Measurement Overview
28
1
Summary
29
8
References
30
1
Nomenclature
30
1
Problems
30
7
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Signals
37
42
Introduction
37
1
Input/Output Signal Concepts
37
5
Classification of Waveforms
39
3
Signal Analysis
42
5
Effects of Signal-Averaging Period
45
1
DC Offset
46
1
Signal Amplitude and Frequency
47
15
Periodic Signals
48
3
Frequency Analysis
51
2
Fourier Series and Coefficients
53
9
Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum
62
8
Discrete Fourier Transform
65
5
Summary
70
9
References
70
1
Nomenclature
71
1
Problems
71
8
Measurement System Behavior
79
46
Introduction
79
1
General Model for a Measurement System
79
5
Dynamic Measurements
80
2
Measurement System Model
82
2
Special Cases of the General System Model
84
24
Zero-Order Systems
84
1
First-Order Systems
85
14
Second-Order Systems
99
9
Transfer Functions
108
2
Phase Linearity
110
2
Multiple-Function Inputs
112
2
Coupled Systems
114
3
Summary
117
8
References
117
1
Nomenclature
117
1
Problems
118
7
Probability and Statistics
125
46
Introduction
125
1
Statistical Measurement Theory
126
5
Probability Density Functions
127
4
Infinite Statistics
131
7
Finite Statistics
138
6
Standard Deviation of the Means
140
2
Pooled Statistics
142
2
Chi-Squared Distribution
144
5
Goodness-of-Fit Test
147
2
Regression Analysis
149
9
Least-Squares Regression Analysis
150
8
Data Outlier Detection
158
2
Number of Measurements Required
160
2
Summary
162
9
References
162
1
Nomenclature
163
1
Problems
164
7
Uncertainty Analysis
171
48
Introduction
171
1
Measurement Errors
171
2
Error Sources
173
1
Calibration Errors
173
1
Data Acquisition Errors
174
1
Data Reduction Errors
174
1
Bias and precision Errors
174
3
Bias Error
174
2
Precision Error
176
1
Uncertainty Analysis: Error Propagation
177
6
Propagation of Errors
177
6
Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis
183
4
Advanced Design-Stage and Single-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
187
7
Zero-Order Uncertainty
187
1
Higher-order Uncertainty
188
1
Nth-Order Uncertainty
188
6
Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
194
15
Propagation of Elemental Errors
195
6
Propagation of Uncertainty to a Result
201
8
Summary
209
10
References
209
1
Nomenclature
210
1
Problems
211
8
Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements
219
50
Introduction
219
1
Analog Devices: Current Measurements
219
5
Direct Current
219
3
Alternating Current
222
2
Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements
224
5
Analog Meters
224
1
Oscilloscope
225
1
Potentiometer
225
4
Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements
229
8
Ohmmeter Circuits
229
1
Bridge Circuits
230
7
Loading Errors and Impedance Matching
237
6
Loading Errors for Voltage Dividing Circuit
238
1
Interstage Loading Errors
239
4
Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers
243
4
Analog Signal Conditioning: Special Purpose
247
4
Analog Voltage Comparator
247
1
Sample and Hold Circuit
247
1
Charge Amplifier
248
1
Current Loop: 4-20 mA
249
2
Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters
251
8
Butterworth Filter Design
253
4
Bessel Filter Design
257
1
Active Filters
257
2
Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires
259
2
Summary
261
8
References
261
1
Nomenclature
262
1
Problems
262
7
Sampling, Digital Devices and Data Acquisition
269
52
Introduction
269
1
Sampling Concepts
269
9
Sample Rate
270
2
Alias Frequencies
272
4
Amplitude Ambiguity
276
2
Selecting Sample Rate and Data Number
278
1
Digital Devices: Bits and Words
278
3
Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals
281
1
Voltage Measurements
281
13
Digital-to-Analog Converter
281
3
Analog-to-Digital Converter
284
9
Digital Voltmeters
293
1
Data Acquisition Systems
294
2
Data Acquisition System Components
296
5
Signal Conditioning: Filters and Amplifiers
296
2
Analog Multiplexers
298
1
A/D Converters
298
1
D/A Converters
298
1
Central Processing Unit: The Controller
298
1
Math Coprocessor
299
1
Memory
300
1
Central Bus
300
1
Buffers
301
1
Analog Input/Output Communication
301
5
Data Acquisition Boards
301
1
Single- and Differential-Ended Connections
302
3
Special Signal Conditioning Modules
305
1
Data Acquisition Triggering
305
1
Data Transfer
306
1
Digital Input/Output Communication
306
7
Serial Communications
307
2
Parallel Communications
309
4
Summary
313
8
References
314
1
Nomenclature
314
1
Problems
315
6
Temperature Measurements
321
70
Introduction
321
1
Historical Background
321
1
Temperature Standards and Definition
322
3
Temperature Scales and Standards
324
1
Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion
325
3
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
325
2
Bimetallic Thermometers
327
1
Electrical Resistance Thermometry
328
15
Resistance Temperature Detectors
328
8
Thermistors
336
7
Thermomelectric Temperature Measurement
343
20
Seebeck Effect
344
2
Fundamental Thermocouple Laws
346
1
Basic Temperature Measurement with Thermocouples
347
1
Thermocouple Standards
348
2
Thermocouple Voltage Measurement
350
8
Multiple-Junction Thermocouple Circuits
358
5
Radiative Temperature Measurements
363
5
Radiation Fundamentals
363
2
Radiation Detectors
365
1
Radiative Temperature Measurements
366
1
Optical Fiber Thermometers
367
1
Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement
368
11
Insertion Errors
368
3
Conduction Errors
371
2
Radiation Errors
373
4
Recovery Errors in Temperature Measurement
377
2
Summary
379
12
References
380
1
Nomenclature
381
1
Problems
382
9
Pressure and Velocity Measurements
391
48
Introduction
391
1
Pressure Concepts
391
3
Pressure Reference Instruments
394
10
McLeod Gauge
395
1
Barometer
396
1
Manometers
396
6
Deadweight Testers
402
2
Pressure Transducers
404
8
Bourdon Tube
405
1
Bellows and Capsule
406
2
Diaphragms
408
4
Pressure Transducer Calibration
412
2
Static Calibration
412
1
Dynamic Calibration
412
2
Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids
414
4
Design and Installation: Transmission Effects
418
4
Gases
419
2
Liquids
421
1
Heavily Damped Systems
421
1
Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems
422
10
Pitot-Static Pressure Probe
422
3
Thermal Anemometry
425
3
Doppler Anemometry
428
3
Selection of Velocity Measuring Methods
431
1
Summary
432
7
References
432
2
Nomenclature
434
1
Problems
434
5
Flow Measurements
439
46
Introduction
439
1
Historical Comments
439
1
Flow Rate Concepts
440
2
Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination
442
3
Pressure Differential Meters
445
21
Obstruction Meters
445
4
Orifice Meter
449
1
Venturi Meter
449
1
Flow Nozzles
450
7
Sonic Nozzles
457
2
Obstruction Meter Selection
459
5
Laminar Flow Elements
464
2
Insertion Volume Flow Meters
466
7
Electromagnetic Flow Meters
466
1
Vortex Shedding Meters
467
3
Rotameters
470
1
Turbine Meters
471
1
Positive Displacement Meters
472
1
Mass Flow Meters
473
5
Thermal Flow Meter
473
2
Coriolis Flow Meter
475
3
Flow Meter Calibration and Standards
478
1
Summary
479
6
References
479
1
Nomenclature
480
1
Problems
481
4
Strain Measurement
485
42
Introduction
485
1
Stress and Strain
485
3
Resistance Strain Gauges
488
8
Metallic Gauges
489
6
Semiconductor Strain Gauges
495
1
Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits
496
4
Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement
500
13
Apparent Strain
500
3
Bridge Constant
503
4
Construction and Installation
507
3
Analysis of Strain Gauge Data
510
3
Optical Strain Measuring Techniques
513
6
Basic Characteristics of Light
514
1
Photoelastic Measurement
514
4
Moire Methods
518
1
Summary
519
8
References
519
1
Nomenclature
520
1
Problems
521
6
Metrology, Motion, Force and Power Measurements
527
48
Introduction
527
1
Dimensional Measurements: Metrology
527
9
Principles of Linear Measurement
528
8
Displacement Measurements
536
4
Potentiometers
537
1
Linear Variable Differential Transformers
537
3
Measurement of Mass
540
5
Measurement of Acceleration and Vibration
545
7
Seismic Transducer
545
6
Transducers for Shock and Vibration Measurement
551
1
Velocity Measurements
552
8
Linear Velocity Measurements
553
1
Velocity from Displacement or Acceleration
553
4
Angular Velocity Measurements
557
3
Force Measurement
560
4
Load Cells
560
4
Torque Measurements
564
2
Measurement of Torque on Rotating Shafts
565
1
Mechanical Power Measurements
566
4
Rotational Speed, Torque, and Shaft Power
566
2
Cradled Dynamometers
568
2
Summary
570
5
References
571
1
Nomenclature
571
1
Problems
572
3
APPENDIX A DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
575
6
A.1 Least-Squares Regression Analysis Program
575
2
A.2 Discrete Fourier Transform
577
4
APPENDIX B A GUIDE FOR TECHNICAL WRITING
581
8
APPENDIX C PROPERTY DATA
589
7
Glossary
596
7
Index
603