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Tables of Contents for Real-Time Digital Signal Processing
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
Introduction to Real-Time Digital Signal Processing
1
34
Basic Elements of Real-Time DSP Systems
2
1
Input and Output Channels
3
8
Input Signal Conditioning
3
1
A/D Conversion
4
1
Sampling
5
2
Quantizing and Encoding
7
2
D/A Conversion
9
1
Input/Output Devices
9
2
DSP Hardware
11
3
DSP Hardware Options
11
2
Fixed-and Floating-Point Devices
13
1
Real-Time Constraints
14
1
DSP System Design
14
5
Algorithm Development
14
2
Selection of DSP Chips
16
1
Software Development
17
1
High-Level Software Development Tools
18
1
Experiments Using Code Composer Studio
19
16
Experiment 1A - Using the CCS and the TMS320C55x Simulator
20
5
Experiment 1B - Debugging Program on the CCS
25
3
Experiment 1C - File Input and Output
28
1
Experiment 1D - Code Efficiency Analysis
29
3
Experiment 1E - General Extension Language
32
1
References
33
1
Exercises
33
2
Introduction to TMS320C55x Digital Signal Processor
35
42
Introduction
35
1
TMS320C55x Architecture
36
4
TMS320C55x Architecture Overview
36
3
TMS320C55x Buses
39
1
TMS320C55x Memory Map
40
1
Software Development Tools
40
10
C Compiler
42
2
Assembler
44
2
Linker
46
2
Code Composer Studio
48
1
Assembly Statement Syntax
49
1
TMS320C55x Addressing Modes
50
9
Direct Addressing Mode
52
1
Indirect Addressing Mode
53
3
Absolute Addressing Mode
56
1
Memory-Mapped Register Addressing Mode
56
1
Register Bits Addressing Mode
57
1
Circular Addressing Mode
58
1
Pipeline and Parallelism
59
4
TMS320C55x Pipeline
59
1
Parallel Execution
60
3
TMS320C55x Instruction Set
63
5
Arithmetic Instructions
63
1
Logic and Bits Manipulation Instructions
64
1
Move Instruction
65
1
Program Flow Control Instructions
66
2
Mixed C and Assembly Language Programming
68
2
Experiments - Assembly Programming Basics
70
7
Experiment 2A - Interfacing C with Assembly Code
71
1
Experiment 2B - Addressing Mode Experiments
72
3
References
75
1
Exercises
75
2
DSP Fundamentals and Implementation Considerations
77
50
Digital Signals and Systems
77
6
Elementary Digital Signals
77
2
Block Diagram Representation of Digital Systems
79
4
Impulse Response of Digital Systems
83
1
Introduction to Digital Filters
83
7
FIR Filters and Power Estimators
84
3
Response of Linear Systems
87
1
IIR Filters
88
2
Introduction to Random Variables
90
5
Review of Probability and Random Variables
90
2
Operations on Random Variables
92
3
Fixed-Point Representation and Arithmetic
95
3
Quantization Errors
98
5
Input Quantization Noise
98
3
Coefficient Quantization Noise
101
1
Roundoff Noise
102
1
Overflow and Solutions
103
4
Saturation Arithmetic
103
1
Overflow Handling
104
1
Scaling of Signals
105
2
Implementation Procedure for Real-Time Applications
107
1
Experiments of Fixed-Point Implementations
108
19
Experiment 3A - Quantization of Sinusoidal Signals
109
2
Experiment 3B - Quantization of Speech Signals
111
1
Experiment 3C - Overflow and Saturation Arithmetic
112
3
Experiment 3D - Quantization of Coefficients
115
2
Experiment 3E - Synthesizing Sine Function
117
4
References
121
1
Exercises
122
5
Frequency Analysis
127
54
Fourier Series and Transform
127
6
Fourier Series
127
3
Fourier Transform
130
3
The z-Transforms
133
8
Definitions and Basic Properties
133
3
Inverse z-Transform
136
5
System Concepts
141
11
Transfer Functions
141
2
Digital Filters
143
1
Poles and Zeros
144
4
Frequency Responses
148
4
Discrete Fourier Transform
152
8
Discrete-Time Fourier Series and Transform
152
2
Aliasing and Folding
154
3
Discrete Fourier Transform
157
2
Fast Fourier Transform
159
1
Applications
160
5
Design of Simple Notch Filters
160
2
Analysis of Room Acoustics
162
3
Experiments Using the TMS320C55x
165
16
Experiment 4A - Twiddle Factor Generation
167
2
Experiment 4B - Complex Data Operation
169
2
Experiment 4C - Implementation of DFT
171
2
Experiment 4D - Experiment Using Assembly Routines
173
3
References
176
1
Exercises
176
5
Design and Implementation of FIR Filters
181
60
Introduction to Digital Filters
181
8
Filter Characteristics
182
1
Filter Types
183
2
Filter Specifications
185
4
FIR Filtering
189
12
Linear Convolution
189
3
Some Simple FIR Filters
192
2
Linear Phase FIR Filters
194
4
Realization of FIR Filters
198
3
Design of FIR Filters
201
18
Filter Design Procedure
201
1
Fourier Series Method
202
3
Gibbs Phenomenon
205
3
Window Functions
208
6
Frequency Sampling Method
214
5
Design of FIR Filters Using MATLAB
219
2
Implementation Considerations
221
4
Software Implementations
221
2
Quantization Effects in FIR Filters
223
2
Experiments Using the TMS320C55x
225
16
Experiment 5A - Implementation of Block FIR Filter
227
3
Experiment 5B - Implementation of Symmetric FIR Filter
230
3
Experiment 5C - Implementation of FIR Filter Using Dual-MAC
233
2
References
235
1
Exercises
236
5
Design and Implementation of IIR Filters
241
62
Laplace Transform
241
6
Introduction to the Laplace Transform
241
4
Relationship between the Laplace and z-Transforms
245
1
Mapping Properties
246
1
Analog Filters
247
8
Introduction to Analog Filters
248
1
Characteristics of Analog Filters
249
4
Frequency Transforms
253
2
Design of IIR Filters
255
8
Review of IIR Filters
255
1
Impulse-Invariant Method
256
3
Bilinear Transform
259
2
Filter Design Using Bilinear Transform
261
2
Realization of IIR Filters
263
8
Direct Forms
263
3
Cascade Form
266
2
Parallel Form
268
1
Realization Using MATLAB
269
2
Design of IIR Filters Using MATLAB
271
2
Implementation Considerations
273
11
Stability
274
1
Finite-Precision Effects and Solutions
275
4
Software Implementations
279
1
Practical Applications
280
4
Software Developments and Experiments Using the TMS320C55x
284
19
Design of IIR Filter
285
1
Experiment 6A - Floating-Point C Implementation
286
3
Experiment 6B - Fixed-Point C Implementation Using Intrinsics
289
3
Experiment 6C - Fixed-Point C Programming Considerations
292
3
Experiment 6D - Assembly Language Implementations
295
2
References
297
1
Exercises
297
6
Fast Fourier Transform and Its Applications
303
48
Discrete Fourier Transform
303
11
Definitions
304
4
Important Properties of DFT
308
3
Circular Convolution
311
3
Fast Fourier Transforms
314
8
Decimation-in-Time
315
4
Decimation-in-Frequency
319
1
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
320
1
MATLAB Implementations
321
1
Applications
322
11
Spectrum Estimation and Analysis
322
2
Spectral Leakage and Resolution
324
4
Power Density Spectrum
328
2
Fast Convolution
330
2
Spectrogram
332
1
Implementation Considerations
333
3
Computational Issues
334
1
Finite-Precision Effects
334
2
Experiments Using the TMS320C55x
336
15
Experiment 7A - Radix-2 Complex FFT
336
5
Experiment 7B - Radix-2 Complex FFT Using Assembly Language
341
3
Experiment 7C - FFT and IFFT
344
1
Experiment 7D - Fast Convolution
344
2
References
346
1
Exercises
347
4
Adaptive Filtering
351
48
Introduction to Random Processes
351
8
Correlation Functions
352
4
Frequency-Domain Representations
356
3
Adaptive Filters
359
8
Introduction to Adaptive Filtering
359
2
Performance Function
361
4
Method of Steepest Descent
365
1
The LMS Algorithm
366
1
Performance Analysis
367
3
Stability Constraint
367
1
Convergence Speed
368
1
Excess Mean-Square Error
369
1
Modified LMS Algorithms
370
2
Normalized LMS Algorithm
370
1
Leaky LMS Algorithm
371
1
Applications
372
9
Adaptive System Identification
372
1
Adaptive Linear Prediction
373
2
Adaptive Noise Cancellation
375
2
Adaptive Notch Filters
377
2
Adaptive Channel Equalization
379
2
Implementation Considerations
381
4
Computational Issues
381
1
Finite-Precision Effects
382
3
Experiments Using the TMS320C55x
385
14
Experiment 8A - Adaptive System Identification
385
5
Experiment 8B - Adaptive Predictor Using the Leaky LMS Algorithm
390
6
References
396
1
Exercises
396
3
Practical DSP Applications in Communications
399
46
Sinewave Generators and Applications
399
5
Lookup-Table Method
400
2
Linear Chirp Signal
402
1
DTMF Tone Generator
403
1
Noise Generators and Applications
404
6
Linear Congruential Sequence Generator
404
2
Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence Generator
406
2
Comfort Noise in Communication Systems
408
1
Off-Line System Modeling
409
1
DTMF Tone Detection
410
7
Specifications
410
1
Goertzel Algorithm
411
3
Implementation Considerations
414
3
Adaptive Echo Cancellation
417
9
Line Echoes
417
1
Adaptive Echo Canceler
418
4
Practical Considerations
422
1
Double-Talk Effects and Solutions
423
2
Residual Echo Suppressor
425
1
Acoustic Echo Cancellation
426
3
Introduction
426
1
Acoustic Echo Canceler
427
1
Implementation Considerations
428
1
Speech Enhancement Techniques
429
6
Noise Reduction Techniques
429
2
Spectral Subtraction Techniques
431
2
Implementation Considerations
433
2
Projects Using the TMS320C55x
435
10
Project Suggestions
435
2
A Project Example - Wireless Application
437
5
References
442
3
Appendix A Some Useful Formulas
445
8
A.1 Trigonometric Identities
445
1
A.2 Geometric Series
446
1
A.3 Complex Variables
447
2
A.4 Impulse Functions
449
1
A.5 Vector Concepts
449
1
A.6 Units of Power
450
3
Reference
451
2
Appendix B Introduction of MATLAB for DSP Applications
453
16
B.1 Elementary Operations
453
7
B.1.1 Initializing Variables and Vectors
453
2
B.1.2 Graphics
455
2
B.1.3 Basic Operators
457
2
B.1.4 Files
459
1
B.2 Generation and Processing of Digital Signals
460
3
B.3 DSP Applications
463
2
B.4 User-Written Functions
465
1
B.5 Summary of Useful MATLAB Functions
466
3
References
467
2
Appendix C Introduction of C Programming for DSP Applications
469
18
C.1 A Simple C Program
470
5
C.1.1 Variables and Assignment Operators
472
1
C.1.2 Numeric Data Types and Conversion
473
1
C.1.3 Arrays
474
1
C.2 Arithmetic and Bitwise Operators
475
1
C.2.1 Arithmetic Operators
475
1
C.2.2 Bitwise Operators
476
1
C.3 An FIR Filter Program
476
5
C.3.1 Command-Line Arguments
477
1
C.3.2 Pointers
477
1
C.3.3 C Functions
478
2
C.3.4 Files and I/O Operations
480
1
C.4 Control Structures and Loops
481
4
C.4.1 Control Structures
481
2
C.4.2 Logical Operators
483
1
C.4.3 Loops
484
1
C.5 Data Types Used by the TMS320C55x
485
2
References
486
1
Appendix D About the Software
487
2
Index
489