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Tables of Contents for Separation
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
vii
Preface
xi
Acknowledgements
xvii
PART I SECURITY, ANXIETY, AND DISTRESS
Prototypes of Human Sorrow
3
22
Responses of young children to separation from mother
3
3
Conditions leading to intense responses
6
10
Conditions mitigating the intensity of responses
16
6
Presence or absence of mother figure: a key variable
22
3
The Place of Separation and Loss in Psychopathology
25
8
Problem and perspective
25
5
Separation anxiety and other forms of anxiety
30
1
A challenge for theory
30
3
Behaviour with and without Mother: Humans
33
24
Naturalistic observations
33
6
Experimental Studies
39
13
Ontogeny of responses to separation
52
5
Behaviour with and without Mother: Non-human Primates
57
20
Naturalistic observations
57
3
Early experimental studies
60
9
Further studies by Hinde and Spencer-Booth
69
8
PART II AN ETHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO HUMAN FEAR
Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear
77
10
Anxiety allied to fear
77
2
Models of motivation and their effects on theory
79
4
Puzzling phobia or natural fear
83
4
Forms of Behaviour Indicative of Fear
87
9
An empirical approach
87
2
Withdrawal behaviour and attachment behaviour
89
3
Feeling afraid and its variants: feeling alarmed and feeling anxious
92
4
Situations that Arouse Fear in Humans
96
28
A difficult field of study
96
3
Fear-arousing situations: the first year
99
6
Fear-arousing situations: the second and later years
105
13
Compound situations
118
1
Fear behaviour and the development of attachment
119
5
Situations that Arouse Fear in Animals
124
14
Natural clues to potential danger
124
3
Fear behaviour of non-human primates
127
7
Compound situations
134
2
Fear, attack, and exploration
136
2
Natural Clues to Danger and Safety
138
13
Better safe than sorry
138
4
Potential danger of being alone
142
4
Potential safety of familiar companions and environment
146
2
Maintaining a stable relationship with the familiar environment: a form of homeostasis
148
3
Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the Assessment of Danger
151
18
Clues of three kinds
151
2
Real danger: difficulties of assessment
153
3
`Imaginary' dangers
156
2
Cultural clues learnt from others
158
3
Continuing role of the natural clues
161
5
Behaviour in disaster
166
3
Rationalization, Misattribution, and Projection
169
9
Difficulties in identifying situations that arouse fear
169
3
Misattribution and the role of projection
172
2
The case of Schreber: a re-examination
174
4
Fear of Separation
178
9
Hypotheses regarding its development
178
4
Need for two terminologies
182
5
PART III INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FEAR: ANXIOUS ATTACHMENT
Some Variables responsible for Individual Differences
187
14
Constitutional variables
187
4
Experiences and processes that reduce susceptibility to fear
191
5
Experiences and processes that increase susceptibility to fear
196
5
Susceptibility to Fear and the Availability of Attachment Figures
201
10
Forecasting the availability of an attachment figure
201
2
Working models of attachment figures and of self
203
4
The role of experience in determining working models
207
2
A note on use of the terms `mature' and `immature'
209
2
Anxious Attachment and Some Conditions that Promote it
211
26
`Overdependency' or anxious attachment
211
4
Anxious attachment of children reared without a permanent mother figure
215
5
Anxious attachment after a period of separation or of daily substitute care
220
6
Anxious attachment following threats of abandonment or suicide
226
11
`Overdependency' and the Theory of Spoiling
237
8
Some contrasting theories
237
3
Studies of `overdependency' and its antecedents
240
5
Anger, Anxiety, and Attachment
245
13
Anger: a response to separation
245
1
Anger: functional and dysfunctional
246
7
Anger, ambivalence, and anxiety
253
5
Anxious Attachment and the `Phobias' of Childhood
258
34
Phobia, pseudophobia, and anxiety state
258
3
`School phobia' or school refusal
261
22
Two classical cases of childhood phobia: a reappraisal
283
6
Animal phobias in childhood
289
3
Anxious Attachment and `Agoraphobia'
292
21
Symptomatology and theories of `Agoraphobia'
292
7
Pathogenic patterns of family interaction
299
10
`Agoraphobia', bereavement, and depression
309
1
A note on response to treatment
310
3
Omission, Suppression, and Falsification of Family Context
313
9
Secure Attachment and the Growth of Self-reliance
322
41
Personality development and family experience
322
6
Studies of adolescents and young adults
328
22
Studies of young children
350
9
Self-reliance and reliance on others
359
4
Pathways for the Growth of Personality
363
46
The nature of individual variation: alternative models
363
3
Developmental pathways and homeorhesis
366
3
One person's pathway: some determinants
369
6
APPENDICES
I Separation Anxiety: Review of Literature
375
24
II Psychoanalysis and Evolution Theory
399
5
III Problems of Terminology
404
5
Additional Notes
409
6
References
415
21
Additional References
436
3
Index
439