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Tables of Contents for Microclimate for Cultural Heritage
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
v
R.E. Munn
Preface
vii
Acknowledgements
ix
PART I. ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS APPLIED TO MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS AND CONSERVATION
1
292
Microclimate, Air and Temperature
3
39
The microclimate
3
4
Air, water vapour and perfect gases
7
2
Temperature
9
1
Mechanisms of temperature degradation
10
4
The temperature in a building, a room
14
7
The temperature in a showcase
21
3
Is it possible to combine people comfort, conservation needs and low cost?
24
6
Monitoring air temperature to study air-surface interactions and for microclimate diagnostics
30
8
Drawing air temperature and other isolines
38
4
Humidity
42
49
Partial pressure of the water vapour
42
2
Derivation of the latent heats
44
4
Mixing ratio of dry air and water vapour
48
3
Monitoring mixing ratio to study air-surface interactions and for environmental diagnostics
51
3
Specific humidity
54
1
Absolute humidity
55
3
Relative humidity
58
3
The equilibrium moisture content
61
3
Mechanisms of humidity degradation
64
4
What is the best type of microclimate for conservation?
68
2
Keeping constant relative humidity in rooms and showcases
70
4
Dew point: the temperature of condensation
74
5
Frost point: the temperature of freezing
79
1
Wet bulb temperature: the temperature of evaporation
79
4
The psychrometric chart
83
8
Parameters for Describing Air Masses and Vertical Motions
91
12
Equivalent temperature
92
1
Adiabatic gradient in the troposphere
93
3
Potential temperature
96
3
Equivalent-potential temperature
99
2
Virtual temperature
101
2
Radiation and Light
103
26
The emission of radiation from bodies and the effects of the absorbed energy
103
2
Radiometric temperature
105
2
Angular distribution of radiant emission of bodies
107
1
Attenuation of light in the atmosphere
108
1
Daily and seasonal cycles of solar radiation on a surface
109
6
What is the colour of natural light?
115
1
Artificial lighting, optical filters and optical fibres
116
6
Deterioration to works of art caused by light
122
7
Physics of Drop Formation and Micropore Condensation
129
32
How a curved water meniscus changes the equilibrium vapour tension
129
2
Derivation of the Kelvin equation for droplets formation and micropore condensation
131
7
Derivation of the Kelvin equation from the Stevin and Laplace laws
131
6
Derivation of the Kelvin equation from the Gibbs potential
137
1
The formation of droplets in the atmosphere: homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation
138
5
Bubbles
143
3
Micropore condensation and stone weathering
146
5
Adsorption isotherms
151
5
Freezing-thawing cycles
156
5
Atmospheric Water and Stone Weathering
161
34
Acid rain, rainfall and crusts
161
11
Mechanisms of penetration of rainwater
172
2
Evaporation from a damp monument
174
1
Capillary suction
175
4
Lowering of the equilibrium vapour tension over a solution
179
2
Climate cycles, sea spray and salt damage
181
5
Some common errors that must be avoided
186
9
Condensation or evaporation?
186
4
Not only rising dampness
190
2
Drying damp murals
192
3
Atmospheric Stability and Pollutant Dispersion
195
40
Introduction
195
3
The vertical temperature gradient and plume behaviour
198
7
Effects due to topographic horizontal inhomogeneity
205
2
The urban climate: heat island and aerodynamic disturbance
207
1
Dispersion and transportation of pollutants in a city
208
2
Wind friction near a surface
210
3
The vertical fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum
213
2
Heat balance at the soil or the monument surface
215
4
Main parameters used in measuring atmospheric stability and turbulence
219
8
Plume dispersion
227
2
Stability categories to evaluate the atmospheric stability
229
6
Brookhaven
230
1
Pasquill
231
3
Successive extensions
234
1
Dry Deposition of Airborne Particulate Matter: Mechanisms and Effects
235
58
Introduction
235
2
Random walk and Brownian diffusivity
237
6
Brownian deposition
243
2
Thermophoresis
245
3
Diffusiophoresis
248
2
Stefan flow
250
4
Gravitational settling
254
3
Electrophoresis
257
1
Photophoresis
258
2
Aerodynamic deposition: inertial impaction and interception
260
5
Adhesion of particles to paintings or other surfaces
265
2
Vertical distribution of particles in still air and their resuspension by turbulence
267
3
How soiling develops
270
4
What is the most appropriate heating and air conditioning system to avoid soiling?
274
5
Inappropriate position of paintings
279
3
Uplifting of giant particles and wind erosion
282
8
Kinetic energy and sand blasting
290
3
PART II. PERFORMING MICROCLIMATE FIELD SURVEYS
293
98
Introduction to Field Measurements
295
20
Weather stations and observations for monument conservation
295
3
Statistical representation of the data
298
4
Frequency of observation
302
2
Length of the observation period
304
1
Response time of a sensor
305
7
Essential glossary
312
3
Measuring Temperature
315
26
Measuring air temperature
315
18
Choice of the sensor
315
1
Response to the air temperature and infrared radiation
315
1
Thermometers
316
9
Screen
325
2
Instrument location
327
1
Measuring vertical profiles of air temperature and room atmospheric stability
328
5
Measuring surface temperature
333
8
Contact sensors
334
2
Radiometers and remote sensing
336
5
Measuring Humidity
341
22
Measuring air humidity
341
12
Measuring principles
341
1
Hygrometers
342
9
Calibrating hygrometers
351
2
Measuring monument humidity and air-artefact inferactions
353
10
Measuring heat and moisture exchanges between air and monuments
353
4
Measuring humidity inside walls
357
2
Measuring time of wetness
359
4
Measuring Wind and Indoor Air Motions
363
18
Meteorological wind measurements
363
9
Anemometry
363
3
Installing anemometers
366
1
Measuring wind vector components
367
1
Averaging wind direction
368
3
Measuring wind variance
371
1
Measuring inside air motions
372
9
Hot wire anemometry
373
1
Sonic anemometry
374
1
Laser-Doppler anemometry
375
2
A simple analysis of atmospheric turbulence
377
4
Measuring Rainfall and Windborne Droplets
381
10
Metrological precipitation measurements
382
3
Precipitation on monuments
385
3
Wet and dry deposition samplers
388
3
References
391
16
References index
407
4
Subject index
411