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Tables of Contents for Understanding Active Noise Control
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
ix
Acknowledgements
x
A Little History
1
8
Introduction
1
1
Early History
2
3
Later History
5
1
Current Commercial Applications
5
1
The Future
6
3
Foundations of Active Control
9
22
Physical Mechanisms
9
2
Basic Structure of Active Noise Control Systems
11
8
Adaptive Feedforward Control
12
4
Feedback Control
16
2
Waveform Synthesis
18
1
Control System Optimization
19
12
Control Source Output Power and Placement
21
4
Influence of Error Sensor Placement
25
2
Influence of Reference Signal Delay and Quality
27
4
The Electronic Control System
31
38
Introduction
31
1
Digital Filters (Adaptive Control Filters)
32
4
Adaptation Algorithms for Adaptive Filters
36
23
Single-Channel FXLMS Algorithm for FIR Filter Weight Adaptation
36
1
Feedforward Control
36
6
Delayed FXLMS Algorithm
42
1
Feedback Control
42
1
Hybrid Feedforward / Feedback Control
43
1
Cancellation Path Transfer Function (or Impulse Response) Estimation
44
2
Random Noise Modelling Signal
46
1
Overall Modelling
47
2
Comparison of Pseudo-Random Noise and Overall Modelling Approaches
49
1
Leaky Single-Channel FXLMS Algorithm
49
1
Multi-Channel FXLMS Algorithm
50
1
Frequency Domain FXLMS Algorithm
51
1
Filtered-U RLMS Algorithms for IIR Filters
52
1
Genetic Agorithms
53
3
Killing Selection Instead of Survivor Selection
56
1
Weight String Instead of Binary Encoding
57
1
Mutation Probability and Amplitude
57
1
Rank-Based Selection (Killing and Breeding)
57
1
Uniform Crossover
58
1
Genetic Algorithm Parameter Adjustment
58
1
Performance Measurement
58
1
Waveform Synthesis
59
1
Important Controller Implementation Issues
60
9
Microprocessor Selection
60
1
Converter Type and Group Delay Considerations
61
1
Digital Sampling Rate
62
1
Algorithm Considerations
63
1
Accuracy of Controller Output
63
1
Estimation of the Potential of ANC Without Using a Controller
64
1
Controller Processor Overload
65
1
Number of Error Signals
66
3
Active Noise Control Sources
69
12
Introduction
69
1
Acoustic Sources
69
6
Loudspeakers
69
3
Tuned Cavity-Backed Panels
72
1
Acoustic Boundary Control
73
2
Tuned Resonator
75
1
Compressed Air Sources
75
1
Vibration Sources
75
6
Piezo-Electric Patch Actuators
76
1
Piezo-Electric Stack and Magnetostrictive Actuators
77
1
Inertial Actuators
78
1
Distributed Vibration Actuators, Shaped Vibration Actuators and Actuator Grouping
78
2
Tuned Vibration Absorbers
80
1
Other Types of Vibration Actuator
80
1
Reference and Error Sensing
81
30
Microphones
81
2
Tachometer Reference Signal
83
4
Waveform Synthesis
84
1
Filtering
84
1
Non-Linear Transformation
85
1
Simple Look-Up Tables
85
1
Time Domain Measurement
86
1
Sound Intensity
87
1
Energy Density
88
5
Virtual Sensing
93
4
Virtual Sound Pressure (Virtual Microphone)
93
1
Transfer Function Method
93
1
Forward Prediction Method
94
2
Virtual Energy Density
96
1
Vibration Sensing of Sound Radiation
97
9
Control Algorithms for Various Sensing Strategies
106
5
Shaped or Distributed Structural Sensors
106
1
Sound Intensity
107
3
Energy Density
110
1
Applications of Active Noise Control
111
22
Some General Considerations
111
1
Application Examples
112
18
Sound Propagation in Ducts
112
1
Plane Wave Propagation
112
2
Higher Order Mode Propagation
114
1
Hybrid Active/Passive Silencers
114
1
Sound Radiation From Vibrating Structures
114
1
Physical Control Mechanisms
115
2
Active Headsets and Ear Muffs
117
1
Feedback Systems
118
3
Feedforward Systems
121
1
Transducer Considerations
122
1
Sound Transmission Into Enclosed Spaces
123
4
Global Reduction of Low Frequency Tonal Noise in Propeller Aircraft
127
1
Reduction of Interior Noise in Diesel Engine-Driven, Mobile Mining Equipment
128
1
Local Reduction of Broadband Noise in Large Aircraft
128
1
Global Reduction of Low Frequency Road Noise in Cars
128
1
Reduction of Low Frequency Sound Transmission Through Double Panel Walls
129
1
Active Vibration Isolation
129
1
Reduction of Engine Noise Transmitted Into Passenger Cars in the Low to Mid-Frequency Range
129
1
Reduction of Noise Generated by Naval Ships
130
1
Examples of Applications Which are Impractical
130
3
Global Reduction of Broadband or High Frequency Tonal Noise in Large Aircraft
130
1
Global Reduction of Broadband or Transient Noise Transmitted into a Building Space
130
1
Reduction of Traffic or Aircraft Flyover Noise Transmitted into a Building
131
1
Global Reduction of Tonal or Periodic Noise in a Large Space Such as a Factory That Contains Many Noise Sources
131
1
Global Reduction of Broadband Noise in a Large Factory
131
1
Reduction of Broadband Noise Outdoors
131
1
Reduction of Transient Noise Outdoors
132
1
REFERENCES
133
16
APPENDIX A. A LITTLE MATHS
149
4
A.1 Introduction
149
1
A.2 Vectors
149
1
A.3 Matrices
149
1
A.4 Quadratic Optimisation
150
3
APPENDIX B ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
153
2
B.1 Current Research
153
1
B.2 Useful Web-Sites for More Information
153
2
B.2.1 General information
153
1
B2.2 Commercial Products and Demonstrations
154
1
B.2.3 Research Organisations and Universities
154
1
Index
155