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Tables of Contents for Readings in Late Antiquity
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Maps
xxxiii
Introduction
li
Acknowledgements
liv
Chronology
lv
Late antique rulers
lix
Permissions
lxiv
The Roman Empire
1
68
Introduction
1
1
The emperor and the imperial office
2
9
Cautious advice for an all-powerful monarch
2
1
The emperor as the source of instability
3
1
The Christian emperor looks to heaven
4
1
The emperor as the embodiment of law
5
1
The emperor's role in war and peace
5
1
The imperial right to interfere in church affairs
6
1
The emperor as priest - Justinian's view
6
1
Challenging imperial interference in church affairs
7
1
Ruler cult
7
1
The emperor on parade
8
1
Imperial acclamations
9
1
Court ritual
10
1
Imperial administration
11
8
Diocletian's reforms
11
1
Entrance requirements for the bureaucracy
12
1
The honor of serving the emperor
13
1
Corruption and suffering in the provinces
13
1
Bishops in the imperial administration
14
1
An able emperor relies on his advisory council
15
1
A top official's close ties to the monarch
16
1
A hierarchy of administrators supervised by the emperor
17
1
Access to the emperor for all citizens
18
1
Patrons are the best protection
18
1
City administration
19
3
The importance of decurions
19
1
The generosity of city senators
19
2
Praises for a city's patron
21
1
Imperial administrators and cities
21
1
A patron from the outside
22
1
The city of Rome
22
4
Rome in old age
22
1
Rome, center of the world
23
1
Rome's countless wonders
24
1
Protecting and restoring Rome's buildings
25
1
A quarry for builders
25
1
The sack of Rome, AD 410
26
3
The first shocking news
26
1
Rome's place in God's plan: the Eusebian background
26
1
Pagans blame Christians
27
1
A non-event?
28
1
Augustine on the sacred significance of Rome
28
1
Rome becomes a Christian center
29
5
A martyr foresees Rome's Christian future
29
2
Rome's temples abandoned
31
1
Christian citizens of Rome
32
1
The primacy of the bishop of Rome
33
1
Constantinople
34
4
Founding the New Rome
34
1
Advancing against the East
35
1
Justinian's Saint Sophia-a temple to rival Solomon's
36
1
The center of Constantinople
36
2
City life
38
8
The individual character of a city: Alexandria
38
1
Taking a bath
39
1
The odor of sanctity
39
1
Spilling blood for entertainment
40
1
The end of gladiatorial combat
41
1
The people of Rome expect entertainment
41
1
Charioteers were public heroes
42
1
Theodora on stage
42
1
Belisarius celebrates a triumph
43
1
Urban rioting
44
1
An emperor almost falls: the Nika Riots
44
1
Festivals and calendars
45
1
Secular and Christian education
46
12
Educating an elite
46
1
A teenager's education
46
2
Training for imperial service
48
1
Honor your teachers!
48
1
Should Christian students read the pagan classics?
49
1
Julian on proper education
50
1
Christ or Cicero? Jerome's choice
51
1
Christian curriculum taught on a Roman model-in Syria
52
1
Interpreting the Bible
52
1
Preserving classical and Christian learning
53
2
No place for secular literature
55
1
Students murder a Christian schoolmaster
55
1
Reducing teachers' salaries
56
1
Searching for a teacher: the case of Ananias of Shirak
57
1
Economic life
58
11
Natural disasters and local economies
58
1
Famine
59
1
The emperor steps in
60
1
Diocletian's edict on maximum prices
61
2
Justinian's edict on the regulation of skilled labor
63
1
Slaves in the law
64
1
Slavery is taken for granted
65
1
Slavery, the wage of sin
65
1
An international trade in humans
66
1
Parents prevented from selling their children
66
1
The colonate
67
2
The Roman Army
69
34
Introduction
69
2
Reorganization of the army
71
1
The decline of border defenses: Constantine's fault?
71
1
The army in the field
71
11
Elephants vs. legionaries
71
1
Guarding the emperor
72
1
Cavalry-training
73
1
The navy
74
1
Border Troops
74
1
Border forts
75
1
River frontier patrols
76
1
Raiding
77
1
How to establish frontier defense
77
1
Border defense crumbles away on the Danube
78
1
The siege of Amida -- a lucky escape
79
1
Military Medicine
80
1
The wounded after a battle
81
1
Rewards after a battle
81
1
Soldiers within the empire
82
5
Soldiers protect civilian life
82
1
Soldiers need discipline
82
1
An extortion racket in Syria
83
3
Tax collection
86
1
Manpower shortages? The problems of recruitment
87
3
Recruits
87
1
Sons of soldiers must enlist
88
1
Enforced recruitment and draft evasion
88
1
Slaves are permitted to enlist
89
1
Exemptions from military service
89
1
Non-Roman recruits
90
7
Barbarian federates
90
1
The history of federates
90
1
Recruiting grounds and imperial borders
91
1
How were soldiers paid?
91
1
Strategy, tactics and training
92
1
Discipline and punishment
93
1
The rules of war
93
1
Avoid pitched battles
94
1
Prayers and battle
94
1
Military anthropology
95
1
Billeting
96
1
Billeting Goths in Edessa
96
1
Christians in the army
97
6
The Passion of Saint Marcellus
97
2
Just war
99
1
The Christian military vocation
99
1
Regimental priests
100
1
Saint Martin won't fight
101
2
Christianity
103
63
Introduction
103
1
Conversions
104
7
God helps Constantine: ``In this sign you will conquer''
104
1
``Through divine inspiration''
105
1
The last Vestal Virgin
105
1
Antony rejects the world
106
1
A voice in the garden leads Augustine to conversion
107
1
Christian peace after a busy public life
107
1
A Frankish king accepts Catholicism
108
1
Patrick goes to Ireland
109
2
Church and state
111
3
Edict of Milan
111
2
Massacre at Thessalonica
113
1
Bishops
114
11
Bishops as administrators
114
1
How should a bishop behave?
114
1
Augustine chooses his successor
115
1
Giving up a quiet life to become pope
116
1
Public debate: Augustine vs. a Manichaean
117
1
Constantine and the bickering bishops
118
2
Vicious debate at a church council
120
1
The consequences of losing: Nestorius describes his enemies
120
3
An apology for differences of opinion among Christians
123
1
An archbishop's schedule of bribes
123
2
Legal functions of bishops
125
1
Theology
125
10
Arius and the human nature of Christ
125
1
The Nicene Creed
126
1
Nestorius' heresy
127
1
The Council of Chalcedon and Nestorianism
128
1
Pelagius on salvation
129
1
Christ's two natures unified
130
1
Mary and the virgin birth
130
1
The Tome of Leo
131
1
The Henotikon of Zeno
132
2
Justinian on orthodoxy
134
1
The ``Three Chapters'' controversy
135
1
Martyrs and relics
135
5
The martyrdom of Timothy of Gaza
135
1
Mar Kardagh: a martyr in Persia
136
2
Relics of martyrs
138
1
Martyrs in church art
138
1
Violation of tombs in search of relics
138
1
Send me the head of Saint Paul!
139
1
Pilgrimage and Relics
140
6
Relics in Jerusalem
140
1
Constantine and Jerusalem's holy sites
141
1
Paula -- a pious Roman aristocrat in Jerusalem
142
1
Egeria visits the Cross
142
1
The Piacenza Pilgrim
143
2
Heraclius restores the Cross to Jerusalem
145
1
Asceticism
146
11
The Devil tempts Antony
146
1
Simeon the Stylite: public ascetic acts draw crowds
147
2
The death of Simeon
149
1
John Cassian's rules for monastic life
150
1
Benedict on the Twelve Degrees of Humility
151
3
the difficulities of monastic life
154
1
Female founders of monasteries
155
1
Advice to young nuns
156
1
Monks on a rampage: the destructive side of piety
157
1
Liturgy and prayer
157
2
Celebration of the Eucharist
157
1
Prayers, priests and the people
158
1
The Akathistos Hymn
158
1
Calendars and apocalyptic literature
159
5
No litigation on Sundays
159
1
``Anno Domini'' -- the Christian calendar begins
159
1
Providential history
160
1
Apocalyptic: the oracle of Baalbek
160
2
Arabs in apocalyptic vision
162
2
Reading the Bible
164
2
Translating the Bible
164
2
Polytheism
166
26
Introduction
166
1
Varieties of religious experience
167
10
A prayer to Hecate
167
1
Oracles
168
1
The cult of Isis
168
2
The mysteries of Attis
170
1
Sacrificing a bull to Mithras
170
1
The art and effects of prayer
170
1
The importance of sacrifice
171
1
The grave monument of an aristocratic pagan couple in Rome
172
2
Worship in the countryside
174
1
The end of the Secular Games
175
1
Imperial edict against Manichaeism
175
2
Suppression of polytheism
177
7
Roman legislation against pagan practices
177
1
Destroying the temples
178
1
Christian resentment of pagan sacrifice
179
1
``Pagan'' residues
180
1
Churches built on pagan sites: the temple of Zeus Marnas in Gaza (402--7)
181
1
Saint Nicholas chops down sacred trees
182
1
Non-religious festivals suppressed
183
1
Difficulties of conversion
184
8
Neither pagan nor Christian
184
1
Tell your peasants what to do
184
1
Conversion, class and coercion
185
1
Mass conversions as imperial policy
185
1
Purge of intellectuals at Constantinople
186
1
Polytheists fight back
186
1
Julian the apostate and the Antiochenes
187
1
Angry at the monks
188
1
Obstacles to travel
189
1
Resistance in North Africa
189
1
The Altar of Victory dispute
190
2
Jews
192
25
Introduction
192
1
Discrimination against Jews in Roman law
193
6
Jews may not own Christian slaves
193
1
Jews and Christians may not marry one another
193
1
Christians may not become Jews
194
1
Trials in Jewish courts
194
1
Jews allowed in municipal senates
194
1
Should translations of the Bible be used in synagogue worship?
195
1
Discrimination in church law
195
1
Imperial protectin of the Jewish community: synagogues and property rights
196
1
The State reserves the right of punishment for itself
197
1
Ambrose challenges the emperor: the Callinicum affair
197
2
Julian and the temple in Jerusalem
199
1
Christian justification of anti-Jewish behavior
199
7
What did Jews do wrong in Christian eyes?
199
1
The attraction of Judaism to Christians in condemned
200
1
Forced conversion
201
2
Disappointment with a false Messiah -- and conversion
203
1
Conversion to Islam
204
2
Jewish resistance
206
2
Jewish anger at converts
206
1
Destruction of the symbols of persecution
206
1
Jews defend Naples in 535
207
1
Jews help the Persians take Jerusalem
207
1
Daily life in Jewish communities
208
9
Self-government
208
1
Jews lose self-government: the end of the patriarchate
209
1
Education
209
1
Interpreting the Law
210
1
Sabbath worship at sea
210
2
Legal differences between men and women, c.500
212
1
Public lives of women
213
1
Hebrew liturgy in synagogues
213
1
Mourning the destruction of the Temple
214
1
Jews in the Islamic world
215
2
Women
217
21
Introduction
217
1
Powerful women
217
3
Helena -- empress and church benefactor
217
1
The empress refuses to panic: Theodora during the Nika Riot
218
1
Aristocratic female virtues
219
1
Death of a scholar: Hypatia of Alexandria
220
1
Christianity and women
220
8
Olympias -- aristocratic habits and spiritual values
220
1
Melania's generosity
221
1
Defying family expectations in Ireland
222
1
Saint Pelagia the Harlot: sin and salvation
223
2
Tarbo, a Christian martyr in Persia
225
3
Male attitudes
228
3
Daughters of Eve
228
1
The pain of abandoning a concubine
229
1
Childbirth's pains
230
1
Abortion and infanticide
230
1
Exposure of unwanted infants
231
1
Legal status
231
5
Marriage and divorce
231
2
Women's right to divorce
233
1
Women's right to prosecute in court
233
1
The new status of celibacy
234
1
Protecting women
234
1
Legitimacy and inheritance
235
1
Women benefit from Roman law
235
1
The female body
236
2
Women making babies: a medical view
236
1
Women's bodies and bearing children
236
2
Law
238
12
Introduction
238
6
What is law?
238
1
Legal education
239
1
A hostile view of lawyers
240
2
Judges must be supervised
242
1
The right of appeal
242
1
Law courts closed on Sunday
242
1
Codifications and reform
243
1
Jurisprudence
244
1
Christianity and the law
244
6
Why is legislation always necessary?
245
1
Local law dies out
245
1
The comparison of Roman and Mosaic law
246
1
The Syro-Roman Law Book
247
3
Medicine
250
14
Introduction
250
1
The medical profession
250
5
What is medicine?
250
2
Medical experience vs. received opinion
252
1
A great physician
253
1
Military physicians
254
1
Faith healing
254
1
A medical specialist
255
1
Care of the sick and cures
255
5
Hospitals
255
1
House calls
256
1
Baths
257
1
Magical healing
258
1
Dieting
258
2
Plague
260
4
The Great Plague (542--570)
260
2
The plague strikes Constantinople
262
1
Plague in Gaul
262
1
Farmers avoid plague-ridden cities
263
1
Philosophy
264
17
Introduction
264
17
Plotinus and the ``One''
264
1
The three hypostases: the One, Nous, and Soul
265
1
A philosophical life
265
1
Intellectual beauty and contemplation
266
1
Julian's hymn to Helios, god of the sun
267
1
Pythagoras, the guide
268
1
The art of theurgy
269
1
The life and education of Proclus
270
3
Athenian philosophers go to Persia
273
1
Philoponus and the creation of the world
274
1
The consolation of philosophy
275
3
Martianus Capella on the shape of the universe
278
1
Macrobius on the descent of the soul
278
3
Persia
281
18
Introduction
281
18
The ideal Sasanian monarch
281
3
The Zoroastrian creed
284
1
The struggle of light and darkness
285
2
A trip to Hell and Heaven
287
2
Expansion of Zoroastrianism
289
1
Christians in Roman---Persian negotiations
289
1
The Persians sack Amida
290
2
The reforms of Khusro Anushirwan
292
1
Roman hostility in the later sixth century
293
1
Huns: a common enemy
294
1
Justinian breaks Persia's silk monopoly
294
1
The siege of Constantinople in 626
295
1
Heraclius triumphant
296
1
The Cross restored to Jerusalem
296
3
Germanic invaders and successor states
299
19
Introduction
299
19
Early Visigothic communities
300
1
Adrianople: an unexpected catastrophe in 378
300
1
Destruction of Visigothic draftees
301
1
Picking up the pieces after Adrianople
302
1
Improving relations with Rome
303
1
Settlement of the Goths in Aquitania
303
1
A Frankish prince
304
1
An Italian ambassador at the Visigothic court
305
1
How strange to learn German!
306
1
Romans deserve their fate! The interpretation of Salvian of Marseilles
307
1
Theodoric's wise rule in Italy
308
1
Tensions of acculturation
309
1
Care for the Roman legacy
310
1
Vandalism
311
1
Saint Severinus -- hero of a crumbling frontier
312
1
The end of Roman Britain
313
1
``Barbarian'' Law Codes
314
1
The rise of the Franks
315
3
Steppe peoples and Slavs
318
17
Introduction
318
1
Huns
318
10
Huns: unknown and terrible invaders
318
2
Attila at home
320
3
Attila looks west
323
1
Why didn't Attila sack Rome?
324
1
A war of images
325
1
The death and burial of Attila
325
1
Hun raiding in the Middle East
326
1
Huns force Romans and Persians to co-operate
327
1
Conversion of Huns and imperial ritual
327
1
Avars
328
3
Characteristics of Avar society
328
1
Avars at the Byzantine court
329
1
Persians and Avars attack Constantinople
330
1
Turks
331
2
An embassy to the Turks
331
2
Slavs
333
2
A glimpse of early Slavic society
333
2
Islam
335
21
Introduction
335
1
Arabs before Islam
335
4
Pre-Islamic oral poetry: a death lament
335
1
Warrior virtues
336
1
Arab allies of dangerous superpowers
337
1
Arabian religion before Islam
338
1
Mubammad and the Quran
339
17
God and His praise
340
1
God is transcendent
340
1
God's judgment
340
1
God's apostle
341
1
A criticism of Christianity
341
1
The prophetic tradition
342
1
God's message
342
1
Rewards after death
342
1
From oral tradition to written text
343
1
Muhammad's ordinance for Medina
344
1
The Pact of Umar
345
1
Rules of war
346
1
Substitute soldiers
346
1
Conquest by treaty
347
1
Jerusalem surrenders, 636
347
1
A clear choice for Jews: Arabs welcomed to Hebron
348
1
Christian collusion
349
1
The new managers
350
1
Mosques, symbols of imperial power
351
1
Arabic, the new administrative language
351
1
Muslims reach Ethiopia
352
1
Islam in Samaritan eyes
353
1
An early non-Muslim view of Muhammad
354
1
Disaster for the Romans
354
2
Appendix: Late Antiquity on the Web
356
2
Index of ancient sources
358
6
Index
364