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Tables of Contents for An Introduction to the Ancient World
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of illustrations
xii
Introduction
xvii
PART I: THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
The Origins of the civilisations of Egypt and Mesopotamia
3
6
The third millennium BC
9
7
Memphis, Sumer and Akkad
10
1
Egypt, the Old Kingdom (2600-2150)
10
2
Mesopotamia: Sumer and Akkad
12
2
Epilogue
14
2
The Second millennium BC
16
15
Thebes, Assur and Babylon (c. 2000-1600)
17
1
Egypt, the Middle Kingdom (c. 2000-1800)
17
2
The Old Assyrian empire (c. 2000-1760)
19
1
The Old Babylonian empire (c. 1800-1600)
19
1
The 'Concert of Powers' (c. 1600-1200)
19
3
Egypt, the New Kingdom (c. 1550-1100)
22
2
Babylonia and Assyria
24
1
Mitanni
24
1
The Hittite empire
25
1
Crete and Mycenae
25
2
International Relations
27
4
The first Millennium BC
31
16
Disruption and recovery (1200-750)
32
1
Egypt, the Third Intermediate period (c. 100-715)
32
1
Syria and the Phoenicians
33
1
Israel
34
3
The empires of the Levant (750 BC-AD 700)
37
1
The neo-Assyrian empire
37
3
The neo-Babylonian empire
40
2
The Persian empire
42
3
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
45
1
The Parthian empire
45
1
The Sasanian empire
45
1
The Roman empire
45
1
The Arabs
46
1
Religion
47
7
Polytheism
48
4
Henotheism and monotheism
52
2
Economy and society
54
7
Agricultural economy, land tenure
55
1
'Redistribution economy'
55
2
Means of payment
57
1
Trade
57
1
Social organisation
58
3
Government
61
8
Kingship
62
1
The administrative machinery
62
3
The army
65
4
PART II: GREECE
The Dark Ages, 1200-800 BC
69
2
The Archaic period, 800-500 BC
71
24
Introduction
72
1
Demographic and economic changes
72
1
The polis
72
2
Colonisation
74
2
Social changes
76
1
Military changes
76
1
Cultural changes
77
1
The alphabet
77
1
Literature
77
1
The visual arts
78
1
Architecture
78
3
Religion
81
4
Philosophy
85
1
Political changes
86
1
Tyranny
86
1
Sparta
87
2
Athens
89
6
The Classical period
95
34
The Persian Wars
96
3
Sparta and Athens after 479 BC
99
1
The Delian League (477-404 BC)
99
2
Athenian leaders in the fifth century
101
1
Athens' state income
101
2
The Great Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
103
3
The years between 404 and 336 BC
106
2
The Second Athenian League (377-355)
108
1
Social and military changes
109
1
The rise of Macedonia
109
1
Philip II (359-336): the end of the Classical period in Greek history
109
2
The Athenian population in the fifth and fourth centuries BC
111
1
The metics
111
1
The Slaves
111
3
Women in Athens and Sparta
114
1
Further development of the Athenian democracy
115
1
The Council of the Areopagus in 462/1
116
1
Pericles
116
1
The democracy and the fleet
116
1
Old and new politicians
117
1
The stability of the Athenian democracy
117
1
Criticism of the Athenian democracy
118
2
Athens as the centre of Greek culture in the Classical period
120
1
Attic drama
120
1
Philosophy
121
4
Historical Writing
125
1
The Greeks in the Western Mediterranean
126
3
The Hellenistic era
129
22
Introduction
130
1
Alexander the Great
130
2
From Alexander to the Roman conquest
132
1
Greece
132
1
Athens and Sparta
132
2
Leagues of states in Greece
134
1
The Seleucid kingdom
135
1
The Ptolemaic kingdom
135
1
The government and the cities of the Hellenistic kingdoms
135
3
Economy and society
138
1
Greece
138
1
The Near East
138
2
Cultural aspects
140
1
General
140
1
Religion
141
1
Near Eastern religions
142
1
Philosophy and science
143
1
Science
144
1
The Jews in the Hellenistic era
144
1
The impact of Hellenistic culture in the Parthian kingdom and the Roman empire
145
3
Conclusion
148
3
PART III: ROME
Early Roman History, 754-265 BC
151
26
The western Mediterranean
152
1
The Etruscans
152
2
Carthage
154
1
The origins of Rome
154
1
State and society in early Rome
155
2
A note on Roman names
157
1
The army and the Comitia Centuriata
158
1
The early republic (509-265 BC)
158
1
State and society
158
2
Roman expansion in Italy (509-265 BC)
160
2
Colonisation
162
1
Municipia
163
2
The military character of Roman society
165
1
The struggle of the orders (c. 500-287 BC)
165
2
History of the struggle of the orders
167
1
The institutions of the Roman republic at the end of the struggle of the orders
168
1
The magistrates
168
2
The Senate
170
1
Nobiles, senators and equites
170
2
Increasing differentiation within the Roman elite
172
1
The popular assemblies
172
2
An oligarchic government
174
2
A new type of client
176
1
Some demographic data
176
1
Further expansion and new social tensions, 264-133 BC
177
18
Roman expansion between 264 and 121 BC
178
1
The Punic Wars
178
4
Wars in Spain, the Po valley and the Hellenistic East
182
1
Two forms of Roman expansion
182
2
The administration of a province
184
1
Disadvantages of Roman control
185
1
New social tensions
186
1
The consequences of Rome's expansion
186
3
Slavery in Italy and Sicily
189
1
Slave revolts
189
2
Piracy
191
1
Some demographic data
191
1
The city of Rome
191
1
Inadequate organisation
192
1
A change in mentality
192
1
Greek influences
193
1
The birth of a Roman literature
193
2
The century of the civil wars, 133-30 BC
195
22
Serious problems and discontent
196
1
The Gracchi
196
1
Tiberius Gracchus
196
1
Gaius Gracchus
197
1
Political consequences of the Gracchan reforms
198
1
Marius' military reforms
198
4
The Social War (91-88 BC) and the First Civil War
202
1
Citizenship for the Italian allies
202
1
decline of the popular assemblies
203
1
The First Civil War (88-82 BC)
203
2
The Years 79-49 BC
205
1
Spartacus' slave revolt (73-71 BC)
206
1
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar
207
2
The first Triumvirate
209
2
Chaos in Rome
211
1
The Second Civil War (49-45 BC) and its aftermath (44-30 BC)
212
4
The flourishing of cultural life during the civil wars
216
1
The early imperial age, 27 BC-AD 193
217
53
Augustus
218
1
Augustus' constitutional position and the real basis of his power
218
1
The settlement of 27 BC
218
2
The settlements of 23 and 19 BC
220
1
Changes in the administration
221
1
The Senate and the popular assemblies
222
1
The higher orders: senators, knights
223
1
The decuriones
224
1
The army
225
1
Ideal and religious aspects of emperorship
226
1
Latin literature in the Augustan era
226
3
Augustus' conquests
229
1
The early imperial age after Augustus (AD 14-193)
230
1
Wars and rebellions
230
1
Emperorship and the problem of the emperor's succession
231
5
Developments in administration after Augustus
236
1
The spread of Roman citizenship
236
2
Changes in the higher orders
238
2
Roman law
240
2
The western and eastern provinces
242
1
The western provinces
242
5
The eastern half of the empire
247
3
Agriculture, trade and crafts
250
1
The lower classes
250
6
Trade
256
1
Work and status
257
1
The position of women
258
3
Religion
261
1
Roman gods and religious practices
262
2
The introduction of foreign gods
264
3
The Christians
267
3
The crisis of the third century AD and late antiquity
270
36
Growing pressures on the northern and eastern frontiers
271
1
The Germans
271
3
The Sasanian empire
274
1
Internal instability in the Roman empire
274
1
Military problems
274
1
Structural defects
275
1
The Severi (193-235)
276
1
Septimius Severus (193-211)
276
1
Roman citizenship for all free inhabitants of the empire
277
1
The soldier emperors (235-284)
278
1
Diocletian (ruled 284-305)
279
1
Further expansion of bureaucracy
280
1
The Senate and the equestrian order
281
1
Emperorship and the emperor's succession
281
2
The persecutions of the Christians
283
1
Constantine the Great (ruled 306-337)
284
1
Constantine's conversion to Christianity
285
1
Constantinople
285
1
The army
285
2
Increased fiscal burdens and the monetary system
287
1
The Roman empire after Constantine
288
1
East and West
288
3
The Christian empire
291
2
The end of the west Roman empire
293
6
PART IV: APPENDICES
1. Greek and Roman names
299
2
2. Greek and Roman money
301
1
3. The Roman emperors
302
4
Select bibliography
306
1
Works of general coverage
306
1
The Ancient Near East
307
1
The Greeks
308
1
Archaic and Classical Greece
309
1
The Hellenistic world
310
1
Rome
310
1
Early Rome and the Roman republic
311
1
Imperial Rome
312
3
Index
315