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Tables of Contents for Foundations of Structural Geology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
ix
2
Introduction
xi
PART 1: GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES AND DEFORMATION
1
138
1 Basic concepts
3
6
1.1 Stratigraphic terms and concepts
3
2
1.2 Geometry of inclined planes and lines
5
1
1.3 Representation of structures on geological maps
6
2
Further reading
8
1
2 Faults and fractures
9
16
2.1 Rock fractures
9
1
2.2 Fault geometry and nomenclature
9
2
2.3 Rocks produced by faulting (fault rocks)
11
2
2.4 Features associated with fault planes
13
1
2.5 Fault associations
14
1
2.6 Thrust systems
15
3
2.7 Extensional fault systems
18
3
2.8 Strike-slip fault systems
21
1
2.9 Inversion
22
1
2.10 Joints
23
1
Further reading
24
1
3 Folds
25
16
3.1 Meaning and significance of folds
25
1
3.2 Basic fold geometry and nomenclature
25
1
3.3 Fold orientation
26
1
3.4 Classification of folds
27
3
3.5 Geometry of the fold profile
30
2
3.6 Description of fold systems
32
2
3.7 Folds in three dimensions
34
1
3.8 Folding mechanisms and fold geometry
35
2
3.9 Relationship between faults, folds and shear zones
37
2
Further reading
39
2
4 Foliation, lineation and fabric
41
14
4.1 Foliation
41
6
4.2 Lineation
47
4
4.3 Boudinage
51
1
4.4 Fabric
51
2
Further reading
53
2
5 Stress
55
8
5.1 Force and stress
55
1
5.2 Normal stress and shear stress
56
1
5.3 Stress at a 'point' - the stress components
57
1
5.4 Principal stresses and the stress axial cross
57
1
5.5 Stresses acting on a given plane
58
1
5.6 Hydrostatic and deviatoric stresses
59
1
5.7 Stress fields and stress trajectories
60
1
Further reading
61
2
6 Strain
63
8
6.1 Nature of strain
63
1
6.2 Measurement of strain
63
2
6.3 Principal strain axes and the strain ellipsoid
65
1
6.4 Pure shear and simple shear (distortion and rotation)
65
1
6.5 Special types of homogeneous strain
66
1
6.6 Volume change during deformation
66
1
6.7 Graphical representation of homogeneous strain
67
1
6.8 Progressive deformation and finite strain
68
1
6.9 Relationship between stress and strain
69
1
Further reading
70
1
7 Stress and strain in materials
71
10
7.1 Ideal elastic and viscous strain
71
1
7.2 Elastoviscous, plastic and viscoelastic behaviour
72
1
7.3 Brittle and ductile behaviour
73
1
7.4 The effects of variation in stress
73
1
7.5 The effect of hydrostatic pressure
73
1
7.6 The effect of temperature
74
1
7.7 The effect of pore-fluid pressure
75
1
7.8 The effect of time: strain rate
75
1
7.9 Summary: physical controls on strain behaviour
76
1
7.10 Mechanisms of rock deformation
77
2
Further reading
79
2
8 Determination of strain in rocks
81
10
8.1 Finding the principal strain axes
81
1
8.2 Initially spherical objects as strain markers
81
2
8.3 Deformed conglomerates as strain markers
83
1
8.4 Bilaterally symmetrical fossils as strain markers
84
2
8.5 Strain determination in three dimensions
86
1
8.6 Use of fold sets in strain determination
86
1
8.7 Two-dimensional strain from balanced sections
87
1
8.8 Bulk homogeneous strain
87
2
8.9 Superimposition of strains
89
1
Further reading
90
1
9 Faulting and stress
91
10
9.1 Stress conditions for brittle failure
91
4
9.2 Fault orientation in relation to stress and strain axes
95
2
9.3 Faulting and earthquakes
97
4
Further reading
101
1
10 Strain in folds and shear zones
101
20
10.1 Folding mechanisms and fold geometry
101
3
10.2 Characteristics of buckle folds
104
5
10.3 Oblique shear or flow folding
109
2
10.4 Kinking and formation of chevron folds
111
2
10.5 Conditions controlling the fold mechanism
113
1
10.6 Shear zones
114
5
Further reading
119
2
11 Structural geology of igneous intrusions
121
10
11.1 Structures found within igneous bodies
121
1
11.2 Structural classification of intrusive igneous bodies
121
2
11.3 Methods of emplacement of igneous intrusions
123
1
11.4 Dilational emplacement of dykes and sills
124
2
11.5 Emplacement of cone-sheets and radial dykes
126
2
11.6 Mode of emplacement of large intrusions
128
1
Further reading
129
2
12 Gravity-controlled structures
131
8
12.1 The effect of topographic relief
131
1
12.2 Effects of gravity on thrust sheets and nappes
131
2
12.3 Salt tectonics
133
2
12.4 Mantled gneiss domes and granite diapirism
135
3
Further reading
138
1
PART 2: GEOTECTONICS
139
54
13 Major Earth structure
141
6
13.1 Major topographic features of the Earth
141
2
13.2 Present-day tectonic activity
143
2
13.3 Stable and unstable tectonic zones
145
1
Further reading
145
2
14 Plate tectonics
147
14
14.1 Historical context
147
1
14.2 The concept of lithospheric plates
148
5
14.3 Nature of plate boundaries
153
3
14.4 Geometry of plate motion
156
3
14.5 Driving mechanism for plate motion
159
1
Further reading
159
2
15 Geological structure and plate tectonics
161
14
15.1 Recognition of inactive plate boundaries
161
1
15.2 Structure of constructive boundaries
161
3
15.3 Structure of subduction zones
164
3
15.4 Structure of continental collision zones
167
3
15.5 Structure of conservative boundaries: the San Andreas fault
170
2
15.6 Structure of intraplate regions
172
1
Further reading
173
2
16 Structural interpretation in ancient orogenic belts
175
18
16.1 The Caledonian orogenic belt in Britain
175
8
16.2 The Early Proterozoic Eastern Churchill and Nagssugtoqidian belts
183
5
16.3 The Archaean Superior Province
188
3
Further reading
191
2
Appendix: Stereographic projection
193
4
Further reading
195
2
Index
197