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Tables of Contents for The Encyclopedia of World History
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
I. PREHISTORIC TIMES
Introduction
1
4
History and Prehistory
1
1
The Study of Prehistory
1
4
Archaeology as Anthropology and History
1
1
Culture and Context
1
1
Time and Space
2
1
Time
2
1
Space
2
1
Finding and Digging Up the Past
3
1
Finding Archaeological Sites
3
1
Excavation
3
1
Analysis and Interpretation
3
1
Analysis of Artifacts
3
1
Food Remains
4
1
Interpretation
4
1
Subdividing Prehistoric Times
4
1
Theoretical Approaches to Prehistory
4
1
Culture History
4
1
Culture as Adaptation
4
1
New Theoretical Directions
5
1
Prehistory and the Great Ice Age
5
1
Human Origins (4 Million to 8 Million Years Ago)
5
2
Homo Erectus and the First Peopling of the World (8 Million to 250,000 Years Ago)
7
1
Homo erectus
7
1
Fire
7
1
Out of Africa
7
1
Early Homo sapiens (c. 250,000 to 35,000 Years Ago)
8
1
The Neanderthals
8
1
The Origins of Modern Humans (c. 150,000 to 100,000 Years Ago)
8
1
The Spread of Modern Humans in the Old World (100,000 to 12,000 Years Ago)
9
1
Europe
9
1
Eurasia and Siberia
9
1
South and Southeast Asia
10
1
The First Settlement of the Americas (c. 15,000 Years Ago)
10
1
After the Ice Age: Holocene Hunter-Gatherers (12,000 Years Ago to Modern Times)
11
1
African Hunter-Gatherers
11
1
Asian Hunter-Gatherers
11
1
Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in Europe
11
1
Near Eastern Hunters and Foragers
12
1
Paleo-Indian and Archaic North Americans
12
1
Central and South Americans
12
1
The Origins of Food Production
12
1
Early Food Production in the Old World (c. 8,000 B.C.E. and Later)
13
1
First Farmers in the Near East
13
1
Early European Farmers
13
1
Egypt and Sub-Saharan Africa
14
1
Asian Farmers
14
1
The Origins of Food Production in the Americas (c. 5000 B.C.E. and Later)
14
1
Later Old World Prehistory (3000 B.C.E. and Afterward)
15
3
State-Organized Societies
15
1
Webs of Relations
15
1
Later African Prehistory
16
1
Egypt and Nubia
16
1
West African States
16
1
East and Southern Africa
16
1
Europe after 3500 B.C.E.
16
1
Eurasian Nomads
17
1
Asia
17
1
South Asia
17
1
China
17
1
Japan
17
1
Southeast Asia
18
1
Offshore Settlement in the Pacific
18
1
Chiefdoms and States in the Americas (c. 1500 B.C.E.-1532 C.E.)
18
2
North American Chiefdoms
18
1
Mesoamerican Civilizations
19
1
Olmec
19
1
Teotihuacan
19
1
Andean Civilizations
19
1
Beginnings
19
1
Chavin
19
1
Moche
19
1
Tiwanaku
19
1
Chimu
20
1
The End of Prehistory (1500 C.E. to Modern Times)
20
1
II. ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIODS, 3500 B.C.E. - 500 C.E.
Global and Comparative Dimensions
21
4
Origins of Civilizations, 4000-2000 B.C.E.
21
1
Emergence of First Civilizations
21
1
Later Primary Civilizations
21
1
Early, Complex Nonurban Societies
21
1
Comparisons
21
1
The Growth of Civilizations, 2000-300 B.C.E.
22
1
The Creation of Regionally Unified Societies
22
1
Civilizations and Nonurban Societies
22
1
The Axial Period
22
1
Classical Civilizations, 300 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
23
1
The Middle East
23
1
The Mediterranean Basin
23
1
Chinese Imperial Unity
23
1
Indian Empires
23
1
Expansion of the Ecumene
23
1
Africa
23
1
Central Eurasia
23
1
The Silk Roads
24
1
The Spread of Religions, 300 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
24
1
The Spread of Hellenism
24
1
Buddhism
24
1
Hinduism
24
1
The Expansion of Christianity
24
1
Kingdoms of Western Asia and Africa, to 323 B.C.E.
25
16
Periodization
25
1
Mesopotamia, c. 3500-539 B.C.E.
25
3
Geography
25
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
25
1
The Sumerians and the Akkadians
25
1
The Amorite Kingdoms
26
1
The Kassites, the Hurrians, and the Arameans
27
1
The Neo-Assyrians and the Neo-Babylonians
27
1
Egypt, c. 3500-332 B.C.E
28
4
Geography
28
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
29
1
The Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period (1st-11th Dynasties)
29
1
The Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (11th-17th Dynasties)
30
1
The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period (18th-24th Dynasties)
30
1
The Late Dynastic Period (25th-31st Dynasties)
31
1
East Africa, c. 2000-332 B.C.E.
32
1
Geography
32
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
32
1
Kush and Punt
32
1
The Kingdoms of Napata and Meroe
32
1
Syria-Palestine, c, 3500-323 B.C.E.
32
4
Geography
32
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
33
1
Ebla and Mari
33
1
The Land of Canaan
33
1
Israel and Judah
34
1
The Land of Aram (Syria)
35
1
Phoenicia, Carthage, and the Phoenician Colonies, 1200-322 B.C.E.
36
1
Geography
36
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
36
1
Phoenicia
36
1
Carthage and the Western Phoenician Colonies
36
1
Asia Minor, 3000-333 B.C.E.
37
1
Geography
37
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
37
1
The Hattians and the Hittites
37
1
The Phrygians and the Lydians
38
1
Persian Asia Minor
38
1
Armenia, c. 1300-331 B.C.E.
38
1
Geography
38
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
38
1
Urartu (Van)
39
1
Armenia
39
1
Iran, 2700-330 B.C.E.
39
2
Geography
39
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
39
1
The Elamites
39
1
The Medes and the Persians
40
1
The Persian Empire
40
1
Arabia, c. 850-332 B.C.E.
41
1
Geography
41
1
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
41
1
Northern Arabia
41
1
Southern Arabia
41
1
Early Civilizations and Classical Empires of South and East Asia
41
15
South Asia, to 72 B.C.E.
41
2
South Asia, 72 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
43
2
North India: Punjab and the Gangetic Plain
43
2
The Deccan
45
1
South India
45
1
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
45
1
Southeast Asia, c. 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
45
1
Funan
46
1
Champa
46
1
Burma (Pagan)
46
1
China, to 221 B.C.E
46
3
Schools of Classical Chinese Thought
48
1
Confucianism
48
1
Mozi (Mo Di)
48
1
Daoism
48
1
Legalism
49
1
Sun Wu (Sunzi, ``Master Sun'')
49
1
Gongson Long
49
1
China, 221 B.C.E.-589 C.E.
49
5
Korea, to 540 C.E.
54
1
Japan, to 527 C.E.
55
1
Geography
55
1
Ethnology
55
1
Religion
55
1
Early Civilization
55
1
Japanese Historical Mythology
55
1
Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World
56
19
The Bronze Age, c. 3000-1200 B.C.E.
56
2
Geography
56
1
The Minoan Civilization
57
1
Mainland Greece: The Early and Middle Helladic Periods
57
1
The Late Helladic Period: The Mycenaean Age
57
1
The Greeks in Asia Minor
58
1
The Dark Ages, 1200-800 B.C.E.
58
2
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
58
1
The Dorian Invasion
58
1
The Aeolian and Ionian Migrations and the Greek Renaissance
58
2
The Archaic Period, 800-510 B.C.E.
60
3
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
60
1
Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands
60
1
Sparta and the Peloponnese
60
1
Athens
61
1
Central and Northern Greece
62
1
Sicily and Magna Graecia
62
1
The Classical Age, 510-323 B.C.E.
63
7
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture
63
1
The Rise of Athenian Democracy and the Persian Wars
64
1
The Rise of the Athenian Empire
64
1
The First Peloponnesian War
65
1
The Second (Great) Peloponnesian War
66
1
The Archidamian War
66
1
The Argive War
67
1
The Decelean (or Ionian) War
67
1
The Spartan Hegemony
67
1
The Theban Hegemony
68
1
The Macedonian Empire
69
1
The Hellenistic World, to 30 B.C.E.
70
5
Economy, Society, and Culture
70
1
The Wars of the Diadochi
71
1
Macedon and Greece, to 146 B.C.E.
72
1
The Seleucids and Pergamum
73
1
Parthia
74
1
Bactria
74
1
Ptolemaic Egypt to the Roman Conquest
74
1
Sicily
75
1
Rome
75
25
The Monarchy and the Early Republic, 334(338)-264 B.C.E.
75
4
Geography and Climate
75
1
The Peoples of Italy
75
1
Economy, Society, and Culture
76
1
The Regal Period
77
1
The Early Republic
77
1
The Conquest of Italy
78
1
The Republic, 264-70 B.C.E.
79
4
Geography and Climate
79
1
Economy, Society, and Culture
79
1
The Punic Wars
80
1
Conquest of the Mediterranean
81
1
Domestic Strife
82
1
War and Politics, to 70 B.C.E.
82
1
Civil War and Renewal, 70 B.C.E.-14 C.E.
83
4
Economy, Society, and Culture
83
1
Military Dynasts and Civil Wars
84
1
Augustus and the Principate
85
2
The Roman Empire, 14-284 C.E.
87
8
Geography and Climate
87
1
Economy, Society, and Culture
88
1
The Julio-Claudians
89
2
Early Christianity
91
1
The High Empire
91
1
Civil War and a New Settlement
92
1
Conquest and Consolidation
93
1
The Third Century
93
1
Civil War and the Severans
93
Foreign Invasion and Internal Disarray
9
86
The Rise of Christianity
95
1
The Later Empire, 284-527 C.E.
95
5
Economy, Society, and Culture
95
1
Diocletian and the House of Constantine
96
1
From the Death of Julian to the Death of Valentinian III
97
2
Christians and Pagans
99
1
The Later Fifth Century
99
1
The Neo-Persian Empire of the Sassanians, 223-651 C.E.
100
3
Economy, Society, and Culture
100
1
Ardashir I to Shapur II
100
1
Shapur II to the Reforms of Khusrau I
101
1
Hormizd IV to the Muslim Conquest
102
1
III. THE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 500-1500
Global and Comparative Dimensions
103
4
Periodization, 500-1000
103
1
Transformation of Regional Civilizations
103
1
Comparisons
103
1
Interregional Relationships
103
1
Continued Spread of Religions
104
1
The Global Picture
104
1
The High Post-Classical Period, 1000-1500
104
3
Major Interregional Expansions
105
1
Interregional Exchanges
106
1
The Religious Context
106
1
The Global Picture
106
1
The Middle East and North Africa, 500-1500
107
24
The Rise and Expansion of Islam, 610-945
107
9
Overview
107
1
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam
107
4
The Umayyad Caliphate
111
1
The Abbasid Caliphate and Its Breakup
112
4
The Muslim Middle East and North Africa, 945-c. 1500
116
15
Overview
116
1
Iran, Iraq, and Anatolia
116
4
The Mongol Empire and Its Successors
120
3
The Ottoman Empire
123
1
From Frontier Principality to Regional Power
123
2
Defeat, Recovery, and Imperial Expansion
125
2
Egypt and Syria
127
2
North Africa
129
2
South and Southeast Asia, 500-1500
131
9
South Asia, 500-1199
131
3
North India
131
1
Deccan and Western India
132
1
South India
132
2
Southeast Asia, 500-900
134
1
The Malay Archipelago and Peninsula
134
1
Mainland Southeast Asia
134
1
South Asia, 1000-1500
134
4
North India and Deccan
134
3
Bengal
137
1
South India
137
1
Ceylon
138
1
Southeast Asia, c. 900-1557
138
2
The Malay Archipelago and Peninsula
138
1
Mainland Southeast Asia
138
1
Angkor
139
1
Burma (Pagan)
139
1
Siam
139
1
Africa, 500-1500
140
8
Historical Trends, 500-1000
140
1
Regions, 500-1000
141
2
Sudanic West and Central Africa
141
1
Forest West Area
141
1
Northeast Africa (Horn)
142
1
East Africa
142
1
West Central Africa
142
1
Southern Africa
143
1
Madagascar
143
1
Historical Trends, 1000-1500
143
1
Regions, 1000-1500
144
4
Sudanic West and Central Africa
144
1
Mali
144
1
Kanem-Borno
144
1
Hausaland
145
1
Songhay
145
1
Timbuktu
145
1
Other Regions in West Africa
145
1
Forest West Africa
145
1
Northeast Africa (Horn)
146
1
East Africa
146
1
West Central Africa
146
1
Southern Africa
147
1
North of the Limpopo
147
1
South of the Limpopo
147
1
Madagascar
148
1
East Asia, to 1527
148
17
China, 589-960
148
3
Periodization and Events
148
1
Political, Social, and Cultural Patterns
149
2
China, 960-1521
151
4
Periodization and Events
151
1
Political, Social, and Cultural Patterns
151
2
The Mongol Period
153
1
The Early Ming
154
1
Korea, 540-918
155
1
Korea, 918-1392
156
1
Major Events
156
1
Political, Social, and Cultural Patterns
157
1
Japan, 552-1185
157
3
Japan, 1185-1493
160
3
General Characteristics
160
1
Feudalism
161
1
Foreign Relations
161
1
Art
161
1
Literature
161
1
Religion
161
1
Major Events
161
2
Vietnam
163
2
Origins to 1009
163
1
1009-1527, Independence and Its Defense
164
1
Europe, 461-1500
165
111
Western Europe in the Early Middle Ages, 461-1000
165
18
Conditions of Life
165
1
The Early Church
166
1
Invaders of the West
167
1
The Huns
167
1
The Visigoths
167
1
The Vandals
168
1
The Burgundians
168
1
The Ostrogoths in Italy
168
1
The Frankish Kingdom
169
2
The Lombards and the Popes
171
2
The Empire of Charlemagne and Its Disintegration
173
3
The West Franks under the Carolingian Kings
176
1
Germany under the Carolingian and Saxon Emperors
177
2
Spain
179
1
The Visigothic Kingdom
179
1
Muslim Spain
179
1
Christian Spain, Castile and Leon
180
1
The British Isles
180
1
England
180
2
Scotland
182
1
Ireland
182
1
Scandinavia
183
1
Eastern Europe, 500-1025
183
8
The Byzantine Empire
183
7
The First Bulgarian Empire
190
1
Western Europe and the Age of the Cathedrals, 1000-1300
191
31
Overview
191
1
The British Isles
192
1
England
192
5
Scotland
197
1
Ireland
197
1
France
197
8
Germany
205
5
The Teutonic Knights
210
1
Scandinavia
210
1
Denmark
210
1
Sweden
211
1
Norway
211
1
The Papacy and Italy
212
4
The Norman Kingdom in South Italy and Sicily
216
1
The Development of Italian Towns
216
1
The Rise of Venice
216
2
The Iberian Peninsula
218
1
Muslim Spain
218
1
Castile
219
1
Barcelona and Catalonia
219
2
Navarre
221
1
Aragon
221
1
Portugal
221
1
Eastern Europe, 1000-1300
222
7
The Slavs
222
1
Bohemia and Moravia
222
1
Poland
223
1
Kievan Russia
224
2
Hungary
226
1
Serbia
226
2
The Second Bulgarian Empire
228
1
Christian States in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1000-1300
229
9
The Byzantine Empire
229
4
The Crusades
233
4
Latin and Greek States in the Middle East
237
1
Western Europe, 1300-1500
238
30
Overview
238
1
The British Isles
239
1
England
239
4
Scotland
243
1
Ireland
243
1
France
243
The Iberian Peninsula
24
223
Castile
247
2
Aragon
249
1
Portugal
250
1
The Papacy and Italy
251
1
The Papacy
251
2
Sicily and Naples
253
2
Florence
255
3
Milan
258
1
Venice
259
1
The Holy Roman Empire
259
4
Bohemia
263
1
The Swiss Confederation
264
1
The Hanseatic League
265
1
The Teutonic Knights
265
1
Scandinavia
266
1
Denmark
266
1
Sweden
266
1
Norway
266
1
The Union of Kalmar
266
2
Eastern Europe, 1300-1500
268
8
Poland
268
1
Lithuania
268
2
Russia
270
2
Hungary
272
1
The Serbian States
272
1
The Byzantine Empire
273
3
The Americas, 1000-1525
276
3
Pre-Columbian South and Central America and the Caribbean, 1200-1530
276
1
Pre-Columbian Explorations by Europeans, 1000-1189
277
1
The Voyages of Columbus, 1492-1504
277
1
Post-Columbian Discoveries, 1497-1522
278
1
IV. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1500-1800
Global and Comparative Dimensions
279
4
New-Style Empires and States, 1500-1700
279
2
Gunpowder Empires
279
1
Other Emerging States
279
1
European National Monarchies
280
1
The New Context of the 18th Century
280
1
Transformations of Major World Societies, 1500-1800
281
2
Commercialization
281
1
Worldview Reformations
282
1
Global Interaction Networks
283
1
The Emerging World Economy
283
1
The Exchange of New Products
283
1
The Spread of Diseases
283
1
Early Modern Europe, 1479-1815
283
66
Europe, 1479-1675
283
27
Overview
283
1
England, Scotland, and Ireland
284
6
The Netherlands
290
1
France
291
3
The Iberian Peninsula
294
1
Spain
294
2
Portugal
296
1
Italy
296
1
The Italian Wars
296
2
The Papacy
298
1
Venice
299
1
Other Italian States
299
1
The German Empire
300
1
Overview, to 1618
300
3
The Thirty Years' War
303
2
The Swiss Confederation
305
1
Scandinavia
305
1
Denmark and Norway
305
1
Sweden
305
1
Russia
305
3
Poland-Lithuania
308
1
Bohemia
309
1
Hungary
309
1
Science and Learning, 1450-1700
310
2
Science
310
2
Inventions and Technology
312
1
Europe, 1648-1814
312
2
Economic and Social Changes
312
1
Intellectual Developments
313
1
Culture and Popular Culture
314
1
Science and Technology
314
1
European Diplomacy and Wars, 1648-1795
314
5
National Patterns, 1648-1815
319
30
England, Scotland, and Ireland
319
1
England and Scotland
319
5
Ireland
324
1
The Dutch Republic
325
1
France
326
3
The Iberian Peninsula
329
1
Spain
329
2
Portugal
331
1
Italy and the Papacy
332
1
Overview
332
1
The Papacy
333
1
Savoy (Sardinia)
333
1
Naples
334
1
Lombardy
334
1
Tuscany
334
1
Other States
334
1
Italy during the French Revolution
335
1
The Swiss Confederation
335
1
The Holy Roman Empire
336
1
The Hohenzollern Dynasty
337
1
The Habsburg Monarchy
337
2
Scandinavia
339
1
Sweden and Finland
340
2
Denmark, Norway, and Iceland
342
1
Poland
343
3
Russia
346
3
The Middle East and North Africa, 1500-1800
349
18
Overview
349
1
The Middle East, 1501-1808
350
14
The Ottoman Empire
350
1
The Rise to World Empire
350
3
Decentralization and External Challenges
353
6
Iran
359
4
Afghanistan
363
1
Arabia
364
1
North Africa, 1504-1799
364
3
Morocco
364
2
Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya
366
1
South and Southeast Asia, 1500-1800
367
9
India, 1500-1800
367
5
Southeast Asia, 1500-1800
372
2
The Malay Peninsula and Archipelago
372
1
Kedah
373
1
Aceh
373
1
Malaysia, 1509-1790
373
1
Maluku (Eastern Indonesia), 1500-17th Century
374
1
Mainland Southeast Asia, 1500-1800
374
2
Burma
374
1
Siam (Ayutthaya)
375
1
Cambodia
376
1
East Asia, c. 1500-c. 1800
376
10
Overview
376
1
China, 1522-1796
376
4
The Remainder of the Ming Dynasty
376
1
The Qing Dynasty
377
3
Korea, 1392-1800
380
1
Japan, 1542-1793
381
4
Vietnam, 1527-1802
385
1
The Pacific Region, 1513-1798
386
2
The Pacific Islands in Pre-European Times
386
1
European Exploration, 1513-1800
387
1
The Philippines, 1500-1800
387
1
Africa, 1500-1800
388
8
Overview
388
2
Regions
390
6
Sudanic West and Central Africa
390
1
Forest West Africa
391
1
Northeast Africa (Horn)
392
1
East Africa
392
1
Swahili Coast
393
1
Interlacustrine East Africa
393
1
West Central Africa
393
1
Southern Africa
394
1
North of the Limpopo
394
1
South of the Limpopo
395
1
Madagascar
395
1
Latin America, 1500-1800
396
11
The Spanish Conquest
396
1
The Caribbean and the Isthmus, 1499-1531
396
1
Venezuela and Nueva Granada, 1521-1549
396
2
Peru and the West Coast, 1522-1581
398
1
The Rio de la Plata
398
1
New Spain, 1518-1574
399
1
The Conquest of Mexico
399
1
Expansion to the South
399
1
Expansion to the North and the Pacific Coast
399
1
The Gulf Coast, Florida, and the Carolinas
400
1
Foreign Encroachments and Territorial Changes, 1580-1800
400
1
The Spanish Colonial System, 1550-1800
401
4
Population Development
401
1
Administration
401
1
The Church and the Missions
402
1
Economic Conditions
403
1
Social and Cultural Evolution
403
1
Insurrections
404
1
Portuguese America, 1500-1814
405
1
The Portuguese Colonial System
406
1
North America, 1500-1789
407
11
Overview
407
1
Exploration and Settlement, 1500-1719
407
4
The French in North America
407
2
The English in North America
409
1
Exploration
409
1
Virginia
409
1
New England
410
1
Maryland
410
1
Island Settlements
410
1
Dutch and Swedish Settlements
410
1
Colonial History, 1641-1737
411
1
New England
411
1
New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
411
1
Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland
412
1
The Southern Colonies
412
1
Wars of England with France and Spain, 1651-1763
412
1
Reform, Resistance, and Revolution, 1763-1789
413
5
V. THE MODERN PERIOD, 1789-1914
Global and Comparative Dimensions
418
13
European Global Domination, 1800-1914
418
3
Developments in Major Empires
418
1
Intensified Imperial Competition
418
1
Major Land-Based Empires
419
1
Spread of Modern Industrialism
419
1
Development of Modern Political Systems
420
1
Cultural Patterns
421
1
Intensifications of Global International and Economic Relations, 1860-1914
421
3
International Agreements
421
1
The Redefinition of the World Economy
421
1
International Diplomacy
422
2
Technological Developments, 1800-1914
424
4
Energy and Power Sources
425
1
Materials and Construction
425
1
Machines and Industrial Techniques
425
1
Agricultural Production and Food Technology
426
1
Transportation and Communication
427
1
Polar Explorations
428
3
Early Explorations
428
1
Early Modern European Expeditions
428
1
19th-Century Explorations
428
1
20th-Century Explorations
428
3
The French Revolution and Europe, 1789-1914
431
94
Overview
431
1
The French Revolution, 1789-1799
431
4
Causes of the Revolution
431
1
The National Assembly
431
1
The Legislative Assembly
432
1
The National Convention: The Revolution's Most Radical Phase
433
1
The Directory
434
1
The Napoleonic Period, 1799-1815
435
6
The Consulate
435
1
Domestic Affairs: Consolidation of Selective Revolutionary Measures
435
1
Foreign Affairs
435
2
The First Empire
437
1
Domestic Affairs
437
1
Foreign Affairs
437
3
The Peace Settlements and the Hundred Days
440
1
Western and Central Europe, 1815-1848
441
24
Social, Cultural, and Economic Trends
441
1
Economic and Social Changes
441
1
Intellectual and Religious Trends
442
1
Culture and Popular Culture
443
1
Science and Learning
443
2
European Diplomacy
445
1
The British Isles
446
1
England, Scotland, and Wales
446
4
Ireland
450
1
The Low Countries
450
1
The Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814-1830
450
1
The Kingdom of Belgium
451
1
The Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1830-1848
451
1
France
451
1
The Restoration Monarchy
451
3
The July Monarchy
454
2
The Iberian Peninsula
456
1
Spain
456
1
Portugal
456
2
The Italian States
458
1
Switzerland
459
1
Central Europe
460
1
Germany
460
2
The Habsburg Monarchy
462
1
Scandinavia
463
1
Sweden and Norway
463
1
Denmark and Iceland
463
2
Finland
465
1
Revolutions in Europe, 1848-1852
465
5
France
465
2
Hungary
467
1
Austria and Bohemia
467
1
Italy
468
1
Switzerland
469
1
Germany
469
1
European Diplomacy, 1848-1914
470
10
Western and Central Europe, 1848-1914
480
28
Social, Cultural, and Economic Trends
480
1
Economic and Social Changes
480
1
Intellectual and Religious Trends
481
2
Culture and Popular Culture
483
1
Science and Learning
483
2
Britain
485
1
England, Scotland, and Wales
485
4
Ireland
489
1
The Low Countries
490
1
Belgium
490
1
The Netherlands
491
1
France
491
1
The Second Empire
491
2
The Third Republic
493
2
The Iberian Peninsula
495
1
Spain
495
1
Portugal
496
1
Italy and the Papacy
496
1
The Unification of Italy
496
2
The Kingdom of Italy
498
1
Switzerland
499
1
Central Europe
500
1
Germany
500
4
The Austrian Empire
504
1
Austria-Hungary
505
1
Scandinavia
506
1
Sweden and Norway
506
1
Denmark and Iceland
507
1
Finland
508
1
Eastern Europe and the Balkans, 1762-1914
508
17
Russia
508
4
Poland
512
2
The Balkans
514
1
The Balkan States
514
1
Greece
514
4
Serbia
518
2
Montenegro
520
1
Bulgaria
521
1
Romania
522
1
Regional Movements
523
2
The Middle East and North Africa, 1792-1914
525
27
Overview
525
1
The Middle East and Egypt, 1796-1914
525
20
The Ottoman Empire
525
1
Beginnings of Modernizing Reform
525
6
Autocracy, Revolution, and Dismemberment
531
3
Iran
534
3
Afghanistan
537
2
Arabia
539
2
Egypt
541
4
North Africa, 1792-1914
545
7
Morocco
545
2
Algeria
547
1
Tunisia
548
2
Libya
550
2
South and Southeast Asia, 1753 - 1914
552
9
India, 1800-1914
552
4
Southeast Asia, 1753-1914
556
5
Mainland Southeast Asia
556
1
Burma
556
1
Thailand (Siam)
557
2
Laos and Cambodia
559
1
Peninsular and Island Southeast Asia
559
1
British Malaya
559
1
The Malayan Archipelago, 1798-1908
560
1
East Asia, 1193-1914
561
15
China, 1196-1914
561
5
Korea, 1800-1910
566
3
Japan, 1793-1914
569
5
Vietnam, 1802-1902
574
2
The Pacific Region, c. 800-1914
576
10
The Pacific Islands, 1794-1914
576
1
The Philippines, 1800-1913
577
1
Australia, 1788-1914
578
5
New Zealand, c. 800-1913
583
3
Africa, 1795-1917
586
13
Overview
586
1
European Exploration, 1795-1895
587
2
Regions
589
10
Sudanic West and Central Africa
589
1
Forest West Africa
590
2
Northeast Africa (Horn)
592
1
Ethiopia
592
1
Sudan Region
592
1
East Africa
593
1
Swahili Coast and Hinterland
593
1
Uganda and the Interlacustrine Region
594
1
West Central Africa
594
1
Southern Africa
595
1
North of the Limpopo
595
1
South of the Limpopo
595
3
Madagascar
598
1
North America, 1789-1914
599
23
The United States, 1789-1877
599
12
Overview
599
1
The Early National Period
600
7
The Civil War
607
3
Reconstruction
610
1
The United States, 1878-1914
611
6
Overview
611
1
New Political, Social, and Diplomatic Issues
612
5
British North America, 1789-1914
617
5
Overview
617
1
The Dominion of Canada, 1789-1877
617
4
Newfoundland, 1855-1878
621
1
Canada, 1878-1914
621
1
Newfoundland, 1878-1914
621
1
Latin America, 1806-1914
622
18
Periodization
622
1
The Wars of Independence, 1806-1872
622
4
Causes
622
1
The Rio de la Plata
622
1
Paraguay
623
1
The Banda Oriental (Uruguay)
623
1
Chile
623
1
Peru and Upper Peru (Peru and Bolivia)
624
1
Venezuela, Nueva Granada, and Quito (Gran Colombia)
624
1
New Spain (Mexico)
625
1
Guatemala and Central America
625
1
Brazil
625
1
Latin America, 1820-1914
626
14
Overview
626
1
South America
626
1
Argentina
626
3
Chile
629
1
Paraguay
630
1
Uruguay
631
1
Bolivia
631
1
Peru
632
1
Ecuador
632
1
Colombia (Nueva Granada)
633
1
Venezuela
633
1
Brazil
634
1
Panama and the Panama Canal Zone
635
1
Central America
635
1
Overview
635
1
Guatemala
636
1
El Salvador
636
1
Nicaragua
636
1
Costa Rica
636
1
Honduras
637
1
Mexico
637
1
The Caribbean
638
1
Cuba
638
1
Puerto Rico
638
1
Dominican Republic
639
1
Haiti
639
1
VI. THE WORLD WARS AND THE INTERWAR PERIOD, 1914-1945
Global and Comparative Dimensions
640
10
Emerging Global Relationships
640
4
Developing Global Institutions and Structures
640
1
1914-1946, Interstate Institutions
640
1
Regional Interstate Institutions
641
1
Multinational Economic Institutions
641
1
Multinational Cultural Institutions
642
1
Globally Competing Ideologies
642
1
Western Ideological Competitions
642
2
Nationalist Options
644
1
Globalization of Culture
644
1
Sports
644
1
Cinema
645
1
International Relations
645
3
The Post-World War I Era
645
1
The Era of the Great Depression
646
2
Science
648
1
Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy
648
1
Chemistry, Biology, Geology
648
1
Technological Developments
649
1
Energy and Materials
649
1
Materials and Construction
649
1
Machines and Industrial Techniques
649
1
Agricultural Production and Food Technology
649
1
Transportation and Communication
649
1
World War I, 1914-1918
650
22
The Western Front, 1914-1915
650
2
The Eastern Front, 1914-1911
652
2
The War at Sea, 1914-1915
654
1
The Balkan Situation, 1914-1915
654
1
The Intervention of Italy, 1915
655
1
The Middle East, 1914-1918
656
3
The Western Front, 1916-1917
659
1
The Eastern Front, 1916-1911
660
1
The Italian Front, 1916
660
1
The Balkan Front, 1916-1917
660
1
Greece
660
1
Romania
661
1
The War at Sea, 1916-1917
661
1
The War in the Air, 1914-1918
661
1
The War in the Colonies, 1914-1918
662
1
Peace Negotiations, 1916-1917, and the Intervention of the United States, 1917
662
1
The Settlements in Eastern Europe, 1917-1918
663
1
The End of the Habsburg Monarchy
664
1
Operations in the West, 1918
664
7
The Peace Settlements
671
1
The Treaty of Versailles
671
1
The Treaty of Saint-Germain
672
1
The Treaty of Neuilly
672
1
The Treaty of Trianoin
672
1
The Treaty of Sevres
672
1
Europe, 1919-1945
672
54
Economic and Social Change
672
1
Intellectual and Religious Trends
673
1
Culture and Popular Culture
674
1
European Diplomacy and the Depression, 1919-1939
674
5
The British Isles
679
5
Great Britain
679
3
Ireland
682
2
The Low Countries
684
2
Belgium
684
1
The Netherlands
685
1
France
686
3
The Iberian Peninsula
689
4
Spain
689
4
Portugal
693
1
Italy and the Papacy
693
3
Switzerland
696
1
Germany
697
5
Austria
702
2
Czechoslovakia
704
2
Hungary
706
2
The Scandinavian States
708
2
Overview
708
1
Denmark
708
1
Norway
708
1
Sweden
709
1
Finland
709
1
Iceland
710
1
Russia (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
710
5
The Baltic States
715
4
Overview
715
2
Lithuania
717
1
Latvia
717
1
Estonia
718
1
Poland
719
2
The Balkan States
721
5
Yugoslavia
721
1
Albania
722
1
Greece
723
1
Bulgaria
724
1
Romania
725
1
North America, 1915-1945
726
10
The United States
726
7
The Dominion of Canada
733
2
Newfoundland
735
1
Latin America and the Caribbean, 1914-1945
736
15
Overview
736
1
Regional Diplomacy
736
1
Cultural Developments
736
1
South America
737
7
Argentina
737
1
Chile
737
1
Paraguay
738
1
Uruguay
738
1
Bolivia
739
1
Peru
739
2
Ecuador
741
1
Colombia
742
1
Venezuela
742
1
Brazil
742
2
Central America
744
2
Overview
744
1
Panama
744
1
Guatemala
744
1
El Salvador
745
1
Nicaragua
745
1
Costa Rica
746
1
Honduras
746
1
Mexico
746
3
The West Indies
749
2
Cuba
749
1
Puerto Rico
749
1
The Virgin Islands
750
1
The Dominican Republic
750
1
Haiti
750
1
The Middle East and North Africa, 1914-1945
751
18
Overview
751
1
The Middle East
752
15
The Ottoman Empire and Turkey
752
2
Iran (Persia)
754
3
Afghanistan
757
1
Egypt
757
3
Syria
760
1
Lebanon
761
1
Palestine
762
2
Transjordan
764
1
Iraq
764
2
States of the Arabian Peninsula
766
1
North Africa
767
2
Morocco
767
1
Algeria
767
1
Tunisia
768
1
Libya
768
1
South and Southeast Asia, 1914-1945
769
6
India
769
3
Southeast Asia
772
3
Mainland Southeast Asia
772
1
Burma
772
1
Thailand (Siam)
773
1
Laos and Cambodia
773
1
Peninsular and Island Southeast Asia
774
1
The Malayan Archipelago
774
1
Indonesia (Netherlands East Indies)
774
1
East Asia, 1902-1945
775
13
Overview
775
1
China, 1914-1945
775
7
Mongolian People's Republic, 1911-1926
782
1
Korea, 1910-1945
782
2
Japan, 1914-1945
784
3
Vietnam, 1902-1945
787
1
The Pacific Region, 1914-1945
788
5
The Pacific Islands
788
1
The Philippines
789
2
Australia
791
1
New Zealand
792
1
Africa, 1914-1945
793
7
Overview
793
1
Regions
794
6
Sudanic West and Central Africa
794
1
Forest West Africa
795
2
Northeast Africa (Horn)
797
1
East Africa
798
1
West Central Africa
798
1
Southern Africa
798
1
North of the Limpopo
798
1
South of the Limpopo
799
1
Madagascar
800
1
World War II, 1939-1945
800
12
The Campaigns in Poland and Finland, 1939-1940
800
1
The Invasion of Denmark and Norway, 1940
800
1
The Conquest of the Low Countries and the Fall of France, 1940
800
1
The Battle of Britain, 1940
801
1
The Balkan Campaigns, 1940-1941
801
1
The Campaigns in the Soviet Union, 1941-1944
802
1
Defense of the Western Hemisphere, 1939-1945
803
1
Naval Warfare and Blockade, 1939-1944
804
1
The Campaigns in the Middle East and Africa, 1939-1943
805
1
The Invasion of Italy, 1943-1944
806
1
The Liberation of France and Belgium, 1944
807
1
The Battle of Germany, 1945
807
1
The War in Asia, 1939-1941
808
1
The War in the Pacific, 1941-1945
809
1
The Organization of Peace
810
2
VII. THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD, 1945-2000
General and Comparative Dimensions
812
22
Changing Global Patterns
812
12
Changing Structures of Global Power
812
1
Imperialisms and Nationalisms
812
2
The Rise and End of the Cold War
814
1
International Conflict Resolution
815
1
Terrorism
816
1
Globalization of Material Life
816
1
Evolution of International Economic Structures
816
2
Science and Technology
818
3
Environmental Issues
821
1
Population Trends and Migrations
821
1
Globalization and Special Identities
822
2
International Relations
824
10
Rise of the Cold War arid the End of Empires
824
3
New Global Relationships
827
7
Europe, 1945-2000
834
82
Economic and Social Changes
834
1
Religious and Philosophical Thought
835
1
Culture and Popular Culture
836
1
Science and Technology
836
1
Diplomatic Relations and European Pacts
837
8
Western Europe, 1945-2000
845
37
Britain
845
6
Ireland (Eire)
851
2
The Low Countries
853
1
Belgium
853
1
The Kingdom of the Netherlands
854
1
Luxembourg
855
1
France
855
5
The Iberian Peninsula
860
1
Spain
860
3
Portugal
863
1
Gibraltar
864
1
The Italian Region
864
1
Italy
864
3
The Vatican
867
1
Malta
868
1
Switzerland
868
1
Germany
869
1
The German Federal Republic (West Germany)
870
4
The German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
874
1
Germany, 1990-2000
875
1
Austria
876
2
The Scandinavian States
878
1
Denmark
878
1
Norway
879
1
Sweden
880
1
Finland
881
1
Iceland
882
1
Greenland
882
1
Eastern Europe, 1945-2000
882
34
Poland
882
4
Czech Republic and Slovakia (Czechoslovakia)
886
3
Hungary
889
2
Yugoslavia and Successor States
891
3
Bosnia-Herzegovina
894
1
Croatia
895
1
Slovenia
895
1
Macedonia
896
1
Albania
896
1
Greece
897
2
Bulgaria
899
1
Romania
900
2
Russia (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Successor States)
902
1
Soviet Union
902
6
Post-Soviet Successor Republics in Europe and Asia
908
8
North America, 1946-2000
916
15
The United States, 1946-2000
916
12
Canada, 1946-2000
928
3
Latin America, 1945-2000
931
34
Overview
931
2
Cultural Developments
931
1
Regional Diplomacy
932
1
South America, 1945-2000
933
16
Argentina
933
3
Chile
936
2
Paraguay
938
1
Uruguay
938
1
Bolivia
939
2
Peru
941
1
Ecuador
942
1
Colombia
943
2
Venezuela
945
1
Brazil
946
2
Surinam
948
1
Central America, 1945-2000
949
7
Panama
949
1
Guatemala
950
2
El Salvador
952
1
Nicaragua
953
1
Costa Rica
954
1
Honduras
955
1
Mexico, 1946-2000
956
2
The West Indies, 1946-2000
958
7
Cuba
958
2
Puerto Rico
960
1
The Dominican Republic
961
1
Haiti
962
2
British Caribbean Territories and Guyana (British Guiana)
964
1
The Middle East and North Africa, 1945-2000
965
29
Overview
965
1
Military, Diplomatic, and Social Developments
966
4
The Middle East and Egypt, 1943-2000
970
20
Turkey
970
3
Cyprus
973
1
Iran
973
3
Afghanistan
976
1
Syria
977
1
Lebanon
978
1
Palestine and Israel
979
3
Jordan
982
1
Iraq
983
1
Saudi Arabia
984
1
North and South Yemen
985
1
The Gulf States
986
1
Egypt
987
3
North Africa, 1945-2000
990
4
Morocco
990
1
Algeria
991
1
Tunisia
992
1
Libya
993
1
South and Southeast Asia, 1945-2000
994
26
South Asia, 1945-2000
994
14
Overview
994
1
British India, to Independence and Partition
994
1
The Republic of India
995
6
Pakistan
1001
3
Bangladesh
1004
1
Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
1005
2
Maldives
1007
1
Nepal
1007
1
Southeast Asia, 1941-2000
1008
12
Overview
1008
1
Mainland Southeast Asia
1008
1
Myanmar (Burma)
1008
2
Thailand
1010
2
Cambodia
1012
2
Laos
1014
2
The Malay Archipelago and Peninsular Malaysia
1016
1
Malaysia and Singapore
1016
2
Singapore
1018
1
Brunei
1018
1
Indonesia
1018
2
East Asia, 1944-2000
1020
21
China, 1945-2000
1020
8
The Civil War
1020
1
The People's Republic of China (PRC)
1021
6
The Republic of China (Taiwan, Nationalist China)
1027
1
The Republic of Mongolia (The Mongolian People's Republic), 1945-2000
1028
1
Korea (North and South), 1945-2000
1028
5
Japan, 1946-2000
1033
3
Vietnam, 1945-2000
1036
5
The Pacific Region, 1944-2000
1041
5
The Islands, 1946-2000
1041
1
The Philippines, 1945-2000
1042
2
Australia, 1944-2000
1044
1
New Zealand, 1945-2000
1045
1
Africa, 1941-2000
1046
34
Overview
1046
3
Regions
1049
24
West Africa
1049
2
Benin (Dahomey)
1051
1
Burkina Faso
1051
1
Cameroon
1051
1
Central African Republic
1052
1
Chad
1052
1
Equatorial Guinea
1052
1
Gabon
1052
1
Gambia
1052
1
Ghana
1053
1
Guinea
1053
1
Guinea-Bissau
1053
1
Ivory Coast
1054
1
Liberia
1054
1
Mali
1055
1
Mauritania
1055
1
Niger
1055
1
Nigeria
1055
1
Sao Tome and Principe
1056
1
Senegal
1057
1
Sierra Leone
1057
1
Togo
1058
1
Northeast Africa (Horn)
1058
1
Djibouti
1058
1
Eritrea
1058
1
Ethiopia
1059
1
Somalia
1059
2
Sudan
1061
1
East Africa
1061
1
Burundi
1062
1
Comoros
1062
1
Kenya
1063
1
Rwanda
1063
1
Tanzania
1064
1
Uganda
1064
1
West Central Africa
1064
1
Angola
1065
1
Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)
1066
1
Zaire (Congo)
1066
1
Southern Africa
1067
1
North of the Limpopo
1067
3
South of the Limpopo
1070
2
Madagascar
1072
1
APPENDIXES
I. Roman Emperors
1073
1
II. Byzantine Emperors
1074
1
III. Caliphs, to 1256
1074
1
IV. Roman Popes
1075
2
V. Presidents of the United States
1077
1
VI. Members of the United Nations in Order of Admission
1078
2
Index
1080