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Tables of Contents for Writing
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface: To Instructors
xi
Introduction: Using This Book
xv
PART ONE: THE WRITING PROCESS
1
42
Planning Your Essay
3
9
Finding a Topic
3
1
Personal Topics
3
1
Topics Reaching beyond Your Personal Experience
4
1
Refining Your Topic
4
1
Asking Questions about Your Topic
5
1
Active Reading
5
1
Finding Your Aim
6
1
Self-Expression
6
1
Exposition
7
1
Persuasion
7
1
Thinking about Your Audience
7
1
Generating a Thesis
8
1
Making an Outline
9
3
Shaping and Developing Your Essay
12
20
Introducing Your Essay
12
2
Writing the Middle: Shaping Paragraphs
14
5
Direction: Forecasting Your Main Point
14
1
Signaling Turns
15
1
Choosing Transitional Words and Phrases: In Brief
16
1
Coherence: List and Chain Structures
17
1
Linking and Turning: Transitions between Paragraphs
18
1
Ending Your Essay
19
1
Developing Your Essay
20
12
Describing
20
1
Narrating
21
1
Using Examples
22
1
Using Analogy
22
1
Comparing and Contrasting
22
1
Using Definition
23
1
Using Classification and Division
24
1
Explaining a Process
25
1
Explaining Cause and Effect
26
1
Persuasion: Shaping an Argument
26
6
Revising and Editing Your Essay
32
11
Peer Reviewing: Making and Getting Written Comments on Your Draft
32
1
Questions for Use in Peer Reviewing: In Brief
33
1
Reviewing Your Own Essay: Reconsidering Its Structure
33
2
Revising with the Help of Your Instructor's Comments
35
1
Editing Checklists
36
4
Making Your Sentences Rhetorically Effective
36
1
Checking Your Choice of Words
37
1
Checking Your Grammar
38
1
Checking Your Punctuation
39
1
Checking Your Spelling, Capitalization, and Apostrophes
39
1
Final Editing and Proofreading
40
1
Preparing and Submitting Your Final Copy
41
2
PART TWO: CRAFTING SENTENCES
43
158
Ten Ways to Invigorate Your Style
47
12
Vary the length of your sentences
47
1
Use parallel construction
48
1
Make the voice of your verbs emphasize your meaning.
49
1
Changing from One Voice to Another
49
1
Using the Active Voice
50
1
Use action verbs instead of be.
50
1
Use subordination to highlight your main point
51
1
Combine general and abstract terms with concrete and specific words.
51
1
Use words figuratively.
52
2
Using Similes
53
1
Using Metaphors
53
1
Avoiding Mixed Metaphors
53
1
Use modifiers.
54
1
Ask questions.
54
1
Be concise.
55
4
Understanding Sentence Structure
59
18
Subject and Predicate
59
1
Writing the Predicate: Verbs
60
2
Verbs and Verb Phrases
60
1
Types of Verbs
60
2
Writing the Subject
62
2
Nouns
62
1
Noun Phrases
62
1
Pronouns
63
1
Verbal Nouns
63
1
Putting the Subject after the Verb
64
1
Omitting the Subject
64
1
Modifiers
64
1
Compound Phrases
65
1
Coordination: The Compound Sentence
65
3
Making Compound Sentences
66
1
Compounding with Conjunctions
66
1
Compounding with Semicolons
67
1
Compounding with Conjunctive Adverbs
67
1
Subordination: The Complex Sentence
68
5
Adjective Clauses
69
1
Choosing Relative Pronouns
69
1
Adverb Clauses
70
1
Subordinators
71
1
Placing Adverb Clauses
72
1
Noun Clauses
72
1
Compound and Complex Structure Combined
73
4
Using Modifiers
77
10
Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
77
1
Adverbs and Adverb Phrases
78
1
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
79
1
Forming and Using Comparatives and Superlatives
79
1
Using Appositives
80
1
Using Participles and Participle Phrases
81
1
Using Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
82
1
Using Absolute Phrases
82
5
Verb Forms: Subject-Verb Agreement, Tense, and Mood
87
16
Subject-Verb Agreement
87
6
Making Verbs Agree with Subjects
87
1
Making the Verb Be Agree with Subjects
88
1
Recognizing the Number of the Subject
89
4
Verb Tense
93
5
Forming the Tenses
93
2
Using the Tenses (Common Forms)
95
2
Picturing the Tenses: In Brief
97
1
Verbs and Mood
98
5
Using Subjunctive Verb Forms
98
1
Mood in Conditional Sentences
99
4
Pronouns
103
8
Making Pronouns and Antecedents Agree
103
3
Agreement in Gender
103
1
Agreement in Number
104
2
Pronoun Case Forms
106
1
Using Pronoun Case
107
4
Word Choice
111
32
Using the Dictionary
111
1
Choosing Words for Their Denotation
111
2
Choosing Words for Their Connotation
113
1
Cliches
113
1
Using Idioms
114
1
Phrases of Figurative or Literal Meaning
114
1
Phrases Needing Special Prepositions or Particles
114
1
Avoiding Jargon, Pretentious Words, and Euphemisms
115
1
Slang
116
1
Using Gender-Inclusive (Nonsexist) Language
116
2
Occupational Terms
116
1
Man and Man-Words
117
1
Pronouns Referring to Words of Unspecified Gender
117
1
Referring to Others with Respect
118
1
Glossary of Usage
118
25
Punctuation
143
20
The Comma
143
3
Using Commas with Conjunctions
143
1
Using Commas after Introductory Elements
143
1
Using Commas with Nonrestrictive Modifiers
144
1
Using Commas with a Series of Items
145
1
Using Commas with Addresses, Dates, and Large Numbers
145
1
The Semicolon and Colon
146
1
Using the Semicolon
146
1
Using the Colon
146
1
Punctuating Conjunctive Adverbs: Using the Semicolon and the Comma
147
1
End Marks
147
2
Using the Period
147
1
Using the Question Mark
148
1
Using the Exclamation Point
148
1
The Dash and Parentheses
149
1
Using the Dash
149
1
Using Parentheses
149
1
Using the Hyphen
150
2
Using the Apostrophe
152
1
Marking Possession
152
1
Marking the Plural
153
1
Marking Omissions and Contractions
153
1
Quotation Marks and Quoting
153
10
Quoting Words and Short Passages: Double and Single Quotation Marks
154
1
Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation
154
1
Quoting Long Prose Passages
155
1
Quoting Verse
156
1
Using Brackets and Ellipsis Points to Mark Changes in a Quotation
157
1
Special Uses of Quotation Marks
158
5
Mechanics and Spelling
163
14
Capitalizing Words
163
1
Using Abbreviations
164
2
People
164
1
Places
165
1
Other Instances
165
1
Using Numbers
166
1
Using Italics or Underlining
167
1
Writing Titles
168
2
Spelling
170
7
Spell-Check Computer Programs
170
1
Listing Your Spelling Demons
170
1
Learning How to Add Suffixes
171
1
Learning How to Add Prefixes
172
1
Homonyms
172
1
Pluralizing Simple Nouns
172
1
Pluralizing Compound Nouns
173
1
Pluralizing Figures, Abbreviations, Letters, and Isolated Words
173
4
Correcting Common Errors
177
24
Abbreviations Misused
177
1
Colon Misused
178
1
Comma Misused
178
2
Between Basic Parts of a Sentence
178
1
With a Conjunction
179
1
With Restrictive Modifiers
179
1
The Comma Splice
180
1
Comparison Fault
180
1
Dangling Modifier
181
1
Direct and Indirect Reporting of Discourse Confused
182
1
Double Negatives
183
1
Fragments
183
2
Using and Misusing Sentence Fragments
183
1
Spotting and Editing Fragments
184
1
Misplaced Modifiers
185
1
Squinting Modifiers
185
1
Misplaced Restricter
186
1
Mixed Constructions
186
2
Modifier Misused as Subject
187
1
Verb Misused with Direct Object
187
1
Incompatible Items Joined by a Linking Verb
187
1
Parallel Structure Faulty
188
1
Passive Voice Misused
189
1
Past Participle Misformed
189
1
Possessive Needed Before a Gerund
189
1
Pronoun Case Forms Misused
190
1
Pronoun Reference Unclear
191
3
Ambiguity
192
1
Broad Reference
192
1
Muffled Reference
193
1
Free-Floating They
193
1
Indefinite You and Your
194
1
Question Mark Misused
194
1
Quotation Misfitted
194
1
Run-On (Fused) Sentences
195
1
Semicolon Misused
195
1
Split Infinitives
196
1
Subject-Verb Agreement Faulty
196
2
Tangled Sentence Structure
198
1
Verbs: Faulty Tense Shift
198
1
Would Have Misused in a Conditional Clause
199
2
PART THREE: THE RESEARCH PAPER
201
60
Finding Sources and Taking Notes
203
14
Choosing a Topic
203
1
Using the Library: The Reference Section
204
1
Computerized Indexes
204
1
Encyclopedias
204
1
Book-and-Article Bibliographies
205
1
Biographical Guides
205
1
Indexes to Articles
205
1
Finding Books
205
3
The On-Line Library Catalog
205
2
The Card Catalog
207
1
Getting Books Your Library Doesn't Have
208
1
Finding Articles
208
1
Finding Information on the Internet
209
1
Gophers
209
1
The World Wide Web
210
1
Keeping Track of Your Sources
210
1
Reading Your Sources
211
1
Marking Each Note with a Source Reference
212
1
Photocopying
212
1
Taking Notes with a Word Processor
212
2
Taking Notes on Index Cards
214
1
Conducting an Interview
214
3
Conducting an Interview: In Brief
216
1
Writing the Research Paper
217
20
Formulating Your Thesis
217
1
Making an Outline
218
1
Composing the Paper as a Whole
218
3
Avoiding Plagiarism
221
1
Signaling Use of a Source
222
2
Introducing Source Material
222
1
Marking the End of Source Material Used: Parenthetical Citing
223
1
Quoting
224
1
Summarizing and Paraphrasing
225
2
Preparing the Final Copy of the Research Paper
227
1
Sample Research Paper with MLA Parenthetical Style
227
10
Documenting the Research Paper
237
24
Documenting Sources in the Humanities: The MLA Parenthetical Style
239
17
Citing and Listing Sources in the MLA Parenthetical Style: In Brief
240
1
Parenthetical Citing: Basic Procedures
241
2
Listing the Works Cited: Basic Procedures
243
1
Citing and Listing Various Sources
244
12
Documenting Sources in the Social Sciences: The APA Parenthetical Style
256
4
Citing and Listing Sources in the APA Parenthetical Style: In Brief
256
1
Writing APA Parentetical Citations
256
2
Writing the Reference List APA Style
258
2
Documenting Sources in the Sciences
260
1
APPENDICES
261
42
Appendix 1 Document Design
263
20
DD-1 Sample Academic Documents
264
1
A. Essay in MLA Style
264
3
B. Research Paper in MLA Style
267
1
C. Research Paper in APA Style
268
1
DD-2 Sample Business Documents
269
1
A. Job Applications: The Resume and the Cover Letter
269
1
1. The Resume
269
3
2. The Cover Letter
272
3
B. The Memo
275
1
DD-3 General Tools of Document Design
276
1
A. Fonts
276
1
B. Emphasis
277
1
C. Headings
278
1
D. Tables and Figures
278
1
1. Presenting Tables
279
1
2. Presenting Figures
280
3
Appendix 2 English as a Second Language
283
20
ESL-1 A, An, The, and Other Determiners
284
1
A. Determiners Defined
284
1
B. Choosing a Determiner: Countable and Uncountable Nouns
285
1
C. Using A/An
286
1
D. Misusing or Mistakenly Omitting A/An
286
1
E. Using The
287
1
F. Misusing The
287
1
G. Using and Misusing The with Names
288
1
H. Using Some, Any, No, and Not
289
1
I. Using the Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
290
1
J. Using the Possessives
290
1
K. Using Group 2 Determiners: Ordinal Numbers
290
1
L. Using Group 3 Determiners: Cardinal Numbers and Words Denoting Quantity
291
1
M. All, Both, Half, and Other Predeterminers
291
1
Using A, An, The, and Other Determiners: In Brief
292
2
ESL-2 Gerunds and Infinitives
294
2
ESL-3 Multiword Verbs (Verb-Particle Combinations)
296
1
ESL-4 Making Sentences Complete: Subject, Linking Verbs, Expletives
296
1
A. Supplying a Subject
296
1
B. Using Linking Verbs (Is, Are, Was, Were)
297
1
C. Using There and It to Start a Declarative Sentence
297
1
ESL-5 Using Do and Does
298
1
A. Do as a Main Verb
298
1
B. Do as a Helping Verb
299
1
C. Misusing-s with Does
299
1
ESL-6 Avoiding Redundant Pronouns
299
1
ESL-7 Using Participles as Modifiers
300
1
ESL-8 Using and Misusing Progressive Forms of the Verb
301
1
A. Using the Progressive Forms
301
1
B. Misusing the Progressive Forms
302
1
Index
303