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Tables of Contents for Writing a College Workbook
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvii
Part 1 WRITING SENTENCES
The Simple Sentence: Basic Parts
3
38
The Subject and the Predicate
4
1
Writing the Predicate: The Role of Verbs
5
3
Linking Verbs
5
1
Intransitive Verbs
5
1
Transitive Verbs
6
1
Transitive Verbs and Voice
7
1
Verb Phrases
8
1
Writing the Subject
8
3
Putting Subjects after the Verb
11
1
Omitting the Subject
11
1
Using Modifiers to Enlarge Basic Parts
12
1
Using Compound Phrases for Expansion
12
1
Editing Mixed Constructions
13
1
Editing Faulty Predication
14
1
Adding the Possessive before a Gerund
14
27
Recognizing Independent and Dependent Clauses
15
2
Identifying Subjects, Linking Verbs, and Subject Complements
17
2
Using Intransitive Verbs
19
2
Identifying and Using the Basic Parts of Sentences with Transitive Verbs
21
2
Using Verb Phrases
23
2
Using Various Subjects in Simple Sentences
25
2
Using Verbal Nouns in the Predicate
27
2
Placing Subjects after Verbs
29
2
Making Compound Phrases
31
4
Editing Mixed Constructions Including Faulty Predication
35
6
Modifiers
41
66
What Modifiers Do: Expanding Basic Parts
41
1
Using Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
42
2
Overusing Nouns as Adjectives
44
1
Using Adverbs and Adverb Phrases
45
2
Misusing Adjectives as Adverbs
47
1
Forming and Using Comparatives and Superlatives
48
2
Comparatives
48
1
Superlatives
49
1
Special Forms
50
1
Misusing Comparatives and Superlatives
50
1
Double Negatives
51
1
Using Appositives
51
2
Placing Appositives
52
1
Punctuating Appositives
52
1
Using Participles and Participle Phrases
53
2
Punctuating Participles
54
1
Misforming the Past Participle
55
1
Using Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
56
2
Avoiding the Split Infinitive
58
1
Using Absolute Phrases
58
1
Placing Modifiers
59
3
Rearranging the Placement of Modifiers
61
1
Editing Misplaced Modifiers
62
1
Editing Squinting Modifiers
62
1
Editing Misplaced Restricters
63
1
Editing Dangling Modifiers
63
44
Identifying and Using Noun Markers, Adjectives, and Adjective Phrases
65
2
Editing Nouns Misused as Modifiers
67
2
Identifying and Using Adverbs and Adverb Phrases
69
2
Editing Double Negatives and Misused Adjectives
71
2
Editing Comparisons
73
4
Using Appositives to Identify Nouns and Pronouns
77
2
Identifying and Using Participle Phrases
79
4
Using Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases as Modifiers
83
2
Editing Split Infinitives
85
2
Identifying and Using Absolute Phrases
87
4
Placing Modifiers Well
91
2
Adding and Arranging Modifiers
93
4
Editing Misplaced Modifiers of Various Kinds
97
4
Editing Dangling Modifiers
101
4
Editing Misused Modifiers
105
2
Coordination I: Compound Sentences
107
22
Making Compound Sentences
107
1
Compounding with Conjunctions
108
1
Punctuation with Conjunctions
108
1
Overusing and
109
1
Compounding with the Semicolon
109
1
Compounding with Conjunctive Adverbs
110
2
What Conjunctive Adverbs Show
110
1
Punctuation with Conjunctive Adverbs
111
1
Joining Independent Clauses: A Summary
112
1
Editing Comma Splices
112
2
Editing Run-On (Fused) Sentences
114
15
Identifying Independent Clauses
115
2
Linking Independent Clauses with Conjunctions
117
2
Linking Independent Clauses with Semicolons
119
2
Linking Independent Clauses with Conjunctive Adverbs
121
2
Editing Comma Splices
123
2
Editing Run-On Independent Clauses
125
2
Editing Comma Splices and Run-On Errors
127
2
Coordination 2: Parallel Construction
129
18
Why Choose Parallelism?
129
1
Writing Parallel Constructions
129
2
Using Correlatives with Parallelism
131
1
Editing Faulty Parallelism
132
15
Identifying Parallel Constructions
133
2
Composing with Parallel Structures
135
4
Editing Faulty Parallelism
139
4
Sentence Combining with Parallelism
143
4
Subordination: Complex Sentences
147
34
What Subordination Does
147
2
What Subordinate Clauses Are
149
1
Using Adjective (Relative) Clauses
149
1
Choosing Relative Pronouns
150
3
Placing the Adjective Clause
153
1
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
154
1
Overusing Adjective Clauses
155
1
Using Adverb Clauses
155
1
Choosing Subordinators
156
2
Placing Adverb Clauses
158
1
Punctuating Adverb Clauses
158
1
Using Adverb Clauses in Comparisons
159
1
Using Noun Clauses
160
2
Placing Subordinate Clauses
162
19
Placing and Punctuating Adjective Clauses
163
2
Sentence Combining with Adjective Clauses
165
2
Composing Adjective Clauses
167
2
Identifying Adverb Clauses and Subordinators
169
2
Sentence Combining with Adverb Clauses
171
4
Editing Faulty Comparisons
175
2
Using Noun Clauses
177
2
Review: Using More Than One Subordinate Clause
179
2
Coordination and Subordination
181
14
Using Coordination and Subordination Together
181
2
Untangling Sentences
183
12
Using Coordination and Subordination Together
185
8
Sentence Untangling
193
2
Sentence Fragments
195
12
What Is a Sentence Fragment?
195
1
Using and Misusing Sentence Fragments
196
1
Spotting and Editing Sentence Fragments
196
11
Examining Constructions
196
2
Understanding the Causes of Sentence Fragments
198
3
Recognizing and Eliminating Fragments
201
2
Recognizing and Eliminating Fragments
203
4
Using Pronouns
207
32
Using Pronouns with Antecedents
207
1
Using Pronouns without Antecedents
208
1
Using Pronouns Clearly
209
1
Avoiding Unclear Pronoun Reference
209
4
Ambiguity
210
1
Broad Reference
210
1
Muffled Reference
211
1
Free-Floating they and it
211
1
Indefinite you
212
1
Remote Reference
212
1
Making Antecedents and Pronouns Agree in Gender
213
1
Pronouns with Antecedents of Specified Gender
213
1
Using Gender-Inclusive Pronouns
213
1
Making Antecedents and Pronouns Agree in Number
214
1
Resolving Problems in Number
214
2
Avoiding Faulty Shifts in Pronouns Reference
216
2
Pronoun Case Forms
218
1
Table of Pronoun Case Forms
218
1
Using Pronoun Case
219
2
Subject Case
219
1
Object Case
219
1
Possessive Case
220
1
Reflexive/Emphatic Case
220
1
Spelling Case Forms Correctly
220
1
Using who, whom, whose, whoever, and whomever
221
1
Misusing Pronoun Case Forms
222
17
Recognizing and Using Pronouns and Antecedents
225
4
Editing Unclear Pronouns
229
2
Editing Faulty Shifts in Pronoun Reference
231
2
Editing Mistakes in Case Forms
233
2
Editing Misuses of Pronouns and Their Forms
235
4
Subject-Verb Agreement
239
24
What Is Agreement?
239
1
Making Verb Agree with Subjects
240
2
Making the Verb be Agree with Subjects
242
1
Avoiding Dialectal Mistakes in Agreement
242
2
Finding the Subject
244
1
Recognizing the Number of the Subject
245
18
Nouns Meaning One Thing
245
1
Nouns Meaning More Than One Thing
246
1
Pronouns Fixed in Number
246
1
Pronouns Variable in Number
247
1
Verbal Nouns and Noun Clauses
247
1
Nouns Linked to Predicate Nouns by the Verb be
247
1
Modified Nouns and Pronouns
248
1
Compounds Made with and
248
1
Items Joined by or, either ... or, etc.
249
1
Nouns Spelled the Same Way in Singular and Plural
250
1
Collective Nouns and Nouns of Measurement
250
1
Subjects Beginning with every
250
1
The Word number as Subject
251
1
Foreign Words and Expressions
251
2
Identifying Subjects and Verbs
253
2
Choosing Correct Verb Forms
255
4
Editing Verb Forms
259
2
Editing Verb Forms in an Extended Passage
261
2
Verbs: Tense
263
18
Tense and Time
263
1
Forming the Tenses
264
2
Forming the Present
264
1
Forming the Past
265
1
Forming Tenses with Auxiliaries
265
1
Using the Common and Progressive Forms
265
1
Using do as an Auxiliary
266
1
Using the Present
266
1
Using the Present Perfect
267
1
Using the Past
268
1
Using the Past Perfect
268
1
Using the Future
269
1
Using the Future Perfect
270
1
Misusing Tenses
270
1
Managing Tense and Time with Participles and Infinitives
271
1
Forming the Principal Parts of Commonly Used Irregular Verbs
271
10
Writing Principal Parts
273
2
Using Tenses
275
4
Using Tenses in a Passage
279
2
Verbs: Sequence of Tenses
281
20
Understanding Sequence of Tenses
281
1
Sequences in Compound Sentences
282
1
Sequences in Complex Sentences
282
3
Main Verb in the Present
282
1
Main Verb in the Present Perfect
283
1
Main Verb in the Past
283
1
Main Verb in the Past Perfect
284
1
Main Verb Indicating Future
284
1
Main Verb in the Future Perfect
285
1
Using Sequences in Paragraphs
285
1
Correcting Faulty Tense Shifts in Sentences
286
1
Correcting Faulty Tense Shifts in Paragraphs
287
14
Choosing Tenses
289
2
Coordinating Tenses
291
2
Editing Faulty Tense Shifts in a Sentence
293
2
Editing Faulty Tense Shifts
295
2
Editing Faulty Tense Shifts in Paragraphs
297
4
Verbs: Active and Passive Voice
301
16
What Voice Is
301
1
Forming the Active and the Passive Voice
301
2
Forming the Active Voice
301
1
Changing from Active to Passive
302
1
Changing from Passive to Active
302
1
Passive Voice versus Progressive Form
303
1
Choosing the Active Voice
303
1
Choosing the Passive
304
1
Misusing the passive
305
12
Editing Weak Uses of the Passive Voice
307
4
Using the Active Voice to Sharpen Your Focus
311
2
Using the Active Voice for Conciseness and Clarity
313
4
Verbs: Mood
317
14
What Mood Is
317
1
Using the Indicative
317
1
Using the Imperative
317
1
Using the Subjunctive: Modal Auxiliaries
318
2
Misusing Modal Auxiliaries
319
1
Using the Subjunctive: Special Verb Forms
320
1
Forming and Using Conditional Sentences
321
10
The Possible Condition
321
1
The Impossible or Contrary-to-Fact Condition
321
1
Misusing would have in Conditional Clauses
322
1
Recognizing and Using Modal Auxiliaries
323
2
Supplying Modal Auxiliaries
325
2
Supplying Modals and Verbs in Conditional Sentences
327
4
Direct and Indirect Reporting of Discourse
331
12
Direct Reporting
331
2
Using Tenses in Tags
332
1
Quoting Extended Dialogue
332
1
Indirect Reporting of Statements
333
1
Direct Reporting of Questions
334
1
Indirect Reporting of Questions
334
1
Confusing the Direct and Indirect Reporting of Questions
335
1
Fitting Quotations into Your Own Prose
335
8
Misfitted Quotations
335
2
Writing Direct and Indirect Discourse
337
4
Fitting Quotations into Your Own Prose
341
2
Invigorating Your Style
343
28
Vary Your Sentences
343
3
Use Verbs of Action Instead of be
346
1
Use the Active Voice More Often Than the Passive
346
1
Ask Questions
347
1
Write Concisely
348
23
Using Action VErbs and Writing Concisely
351
6
Rewriting to Invigorate Style
357
14
Part 2 PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS
The Comma
371
28
Using Commas with Conjunctions
371
1
Misusing Commas with Conjunctions
372
1
Misusing Commas between Independent Clauses: The Comma Splice
372
1
Using Commas after Introductory Elements
373
1
Using Commas with Nonrestrictive Elements
374
1
Misusing Commas with Restrictive Elements
375
1
Using Commas with Coordinate Items in a Series
376
1
Misusing Commas with Coordinate Items in a Series
376
1
Using Commas to Prevent a Misreading
377
1
Using Commas with Addresses, Dates, Greetings, Names, and Large Numbers
377
1
Misusing the Commas with Dates and Addresses
378
1
Using Commas with Quotation Marks
379
1
Misusing the Comma between Basic Parts of a Sentence
379
20
Using Commas with Conjunctions
381
4
Using Commas after Introductory Elements
385
2
Punctuating Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Elements
387
4
Using Commas with Items in a Series
391
4
Using Commas with Addresses, Dates, Greetings, Names, and Large Numbers
395
2
Review: Using Commas
397
2
The Semicolon and the Colon
399
8
Using the Semicolon
399
1
Misusing the Semicolon
400
1
Using the Colon
400
1
Misusing the Colon
401
6
Using Semicolons and Colons
403
2
Editing for Semicolons and Colons
405
2
End Marks
407
6
Using the Period
407
1
Misusing the Period
408
1
Using the Question Mark
409
1
Misusing the Question Mark
409
1
Using the Exclamation Point
409
1
Misusing the Exclamation Point
410
3
Using Periods and Questions Marks
411
2
Quotation Marks and Quoting
413
12
Quoting Words, Phrases, and Short Passages of Prose
413
1
Using Double and Single Quotation Marks
413
1
Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation
414
2
Quoting Long Prose Passages
416
1
Quoting Verse
417
1
Using Brackets and Ellipsis Dots to Mark Changes in a Quotation
418
2
Using Brackets to Mark Words Added to a Quotation
419
1
Using Ellipsis Dots to Mark Words Left Out of a Quotation
419
1
Special Uses of Quotation Marks
420
5
Punctuating with Quotation Marks
421
2
Using Ellipsis Dots
423
2
The Dash, Parentheses, and the Slash
425
6
Using the Dash
425
1
Misusing the Dash
426
1
Using Parentheses
426
1
Using the Slash
427
4
Using the Dash, Parentheses, and the Slash
429
2
Spelling, Hyphen, Apostrophe
431
26
Checking Your Spelling with a Computer Program
431
1
Listing Your Spelling Demons
432
1
Learning How to Add Suffixes
432
1
Learning How to Add Prefixes
433
1
Recognizing Homonyms
433
1
Pluralizing Simple Nouns
434
1
Pluralizing Compound Nouns
435
1
Noting Words Frequently Misspelled
436
4
Using the Hyphen
440
2
Using the Apostrophe
442
2
Misusing the Apostrophe
444
13
Adding Suffixes and prefixes/Forming Plurals
447
2
Spotting and Correcting Misspellings
449
2
Using the Hyphen
451
2
Using the Apostrophe
453
4
Mechanics
457
16
Using Capital Letters
457
2
Using Italics or Underlining
459
1
Titles
459
2
Using Abbreviations
461
1
Misusing Abbreviations
462
2
Using Numbers
464
9
Using Capitals
467
2
Using Underlining and Writing Titles
469
2
Using Abbreviations and Numbers
471
2
Editing Paragraphs and Essays: Additional Exercises
473
42
Editing Paragraphs
473
10
Editing Other Writers' Paragraphs
473
8
Editing Your Own Paragraphs
481
2
Editing Short Essays
483
12
Editing Other Writers' Essays
483
11
Editing Your Own Essays
494
1
Glossary of Grammatical Terms
495
20
Appendix: Standard American English as a Second Language: A Brief Guide
515
52
A.1 Using a, an, the, and Other Determiners
516
13
A.1a Determiners Defined
516
1
A.1b Countable and Uncountable Nouns
516
1
A.1c Using a/an
517
1
A.1d Misusing or Mistakenly Omitting a/an
517
1
A.1e Using the
518
1
A.1f Misusing the
518
1
A.1g Using and Misusing the with Names
519
4
A.1h Using some, any, no, and not
523
1
A.1i Using the Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)
523
1
A.1j Using the Possessives
523
1
A.1k Using Group 2 Determiners: Ordinal Numbers
523
1
A.1l Using Group 3 Determiners: Cardinal Numbers and Words Denoting Quantity
524
1
A.1m All, both, half, and Other Predeterminers
524
5
A.2 Using Gerunds and Infinitives
529
6
A.2a Choosing between Gerunds and Infinitives
529
6
A.3 Multiword Verbs (Verb-Particle Combinations)
535
10
A.3a Separable Multiword Verbs
535
1
A.3b Common Multiword Verbs: A Brief List
535
10
A.4 Making Sentences Complete: Subjects, Linking Verbs, Expletives
545
4
A.4a Supplying a Subject
545
1
A.4b Using Linking Verbs (is, are, was, were)
545
1
A.4c Using there and it (Expletives) to Start a Sentence
545
4
A.5 Using do and does
549
4
A.5a Do as a Main Verb
549
1
A.5b Do as a Helping Verb
549
1
A.5c Misusing -s with does
550
3
A.6 Avoiding Redundant Pronouns
553
4
A.7 Using Participles
557
6
A.7a Using Present and Past Participles in Verb Phrases
557
1
A.7b Using Present and Past Participles as Modifiers
557
1
A.7c Present and Past Participles Commonly Confused
557
6
A.8 Using Progressive Forms of the Verb
563
4
A.8a Using the Progressive Forms
563
1
A.8b Misusing the Progressive Forms
563
Using a, an, and the
521
6
Using Determiners
527
4
Using Gerunds and Infinitives
531
8
Using Multiword Verbs
539
2
Using Multiword Verbs
541
6
Using Subjects, Linking Verbs, and Expletives
547
4
Using do and does
551
4
Editing Redundant Pronouns
555
4
Editing Mistakes in the Use of Participles
559
2
Editing Mistakes in the Use of Participles
561
4
A Summary
565
2
Index
567