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Tables of Contents for Active Rules in Database Systems
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
v
12
Contributors
xvii
I Fundamentals
1
48
1 Introduction
3
26
Norman W. Paton
Oscar Diaz
1.1 Introduction
3
5
1.2 Applications
8
3
1.2.1 Database System Extensions
8
1
1.2.2 Closed Database Applications
9
1
1.2.3 Open Database Applications
9
2
1.2.4 Example Application
11
1
1.2.5 Conclusions
11
1
1.3 Knowledge Model
11
6
1.3.1 Event
13
3
1.3.2 Condition
16
1
1.3.3 Action
17
1
1.4 Execution Model
17
7
1.5 Management
24
2
1.6 Conclusion
26
1
1.7 References
26
3
2 Architecture of Active Database Systems
29
20
Alejandro P. Buchmann
2.1 Introduction
29
1
2.2 Degree of Integration
30
1
2.2.1 Layered Architecture
30
1
2.2.2 Integrated Architecture
31
1
2.3 Client-Server Architecture of the Underlying DBMS
31
1
2.4 Data Model and Programming Language Issues
32
1
2.5 Rule Specification and Registration
33
2
2.6 Rule Processing
35
9
2.6.1 Primitive Event Detector Architecture
36
2
2.6.2 Composite Event Detector Architecture
38
1
2.6.3 Event Consumption and Logging
39
1
2.6.4 Guarded Events, Light-Weight Vs. Heavy-Weight Events
40
1
2.6.5 Rule Scheduling
41
1
2.6.6 Transaction Models
41
2
2.6.7 Rule Execution
43
1
2.7 Recovery
44
1
2.8 Conclusion
45
1
2.9 References
46
3
II Advanced Topics
49
146
3 Rule Analysis
51
18
Elena Baralis
3.1 Introduction
51
2
3.2 Termination Analysis
53
8
3.2.1 Triggering and Activation Graphs
55
3
3.2.2 Building the Activation Graph
58
1
3.2.3 Termination with Priorities
59
2
3.3 Confluence Analysis
61
4
3.3.1 Analyzing Commutativity
62
1
3.3.2 Confluence with Priorities
63
2
3.4 Conclusion
65
1
3.5 References
65
4
4 Optimization
69
12
Norman W. Paton
Andrew Dinn
M. Howard Williams
4.1 Introduction
69
1
4.2 Optimizing Single Rules
70
4
4.2.1 Exploiting Parameters
70
1
4.2.2 Moving Constraints
71
3
4.3 Optimizing Multiple Rules
74
4
4.4 Conclusion
78
1
4.5 Acknowledgments
79
1
4.6 References
79
2
5 Monitoring Complex Rule Conditions
81
22
Tore Risch
Martin Skold
5.1 Introduction
81
2
5.2 Incremental Evaluation Techniques
83
2
5.3 Differencing Relational Expressions
85
2
5.4 Monitoring Active Rule Conditions in AMOS
87
4
5.4.1 Rules in AMOSQL
88
1
5.4.2 Rule Compilation
89
2
5.5 Partial Differencing
91
7
5.5.1 Breadth-First Propagation
92
1
5.5.2 Differencing Base Relations
93
1
5.5.3 Partial Differencing of Views
94
4
5.6 Conclusion
98
1
5.7 References
99
4
6 Performance Assessment
103
24
Andreas Geppert
Klaus R. Dittrich
6.1 Introduction
103
1
6.2 Performance-Critical Aspects of Active Database Systems
104
5
6.2.1 Performance of Active Database Applications
104
2
6.2.2 Performance-Critical Aspects of Active Database Management Systems
106
3
6.3 Performance Measurement of Active Database Management Systems
109
8
6.3.1 Benchmark Design
109
4
6.3.2 Factors and Modes
113
1
6.3.3 Results for SAMOS
114
2
6.3.4 Lessons and Observation
116
1
6.4 Steps Towards Performance Improvement of ADBMS's
117
3
6.4.1 Optimizing ADBMS Implementations
117
2
6.4.2 Tuning ADBMS Applications
119
1
6.5 Related Work
120
1
6.6 Conclusion
121
1
6.7 Acknowledgments
121
1
6.8 References
122
5
7 Tool Support
127
20
Oscar Diaz
7.1 Introduction
127
1
7.2 Analysis and Design Support
128
8
7.2.1 Graphical Description Tools
128
4
7.2.2 Validation Tools
132
1
7.2.3 Verification Tools
133
3
7.3 Implementation Support
136
1
7.3.1 Tracing Tools
136
1
7.4 Maintenance Support
137
3
7.4.1 Browsers
138
1
7.4.2 Evolution Support Tools
138
1
7.4.3 Explanation Tools
139
1
7.4.4 Measurement Tools
140
1
7.5 From Isolated Tools to Integrated Environments
140
2
7.6 Conclusion
142
1
7.7 References
142
5
8 ECA Functionality in a Distributed Environment
147
30
Guenter von Bultzingsloewen
Arne Koschel
Peter C. Lockemann
Hans-Dirk Walter
8.1 Introduction
147
2
8.1.1 Challenges
147
1
8.1.2 Dimensions Revisited
148
1
8.1.3 Outline of the Chapter
149
1
8.2 Two Views of the Networked Active Database System
149
2
8.3 Applications for ECA Rules in Distributed Environments
151
3
8.3.1 Service View
152
1
8.3.2 Communications Channel View
153
1
8.4 How Distribution Affects the Knowledge Model
154
2
8.5 How Distribution Affects the Execution Model
156
7
8.5.1 Architectural Model of the Network System
156
2
8.5.2 Event Detection
158
2
8.5.3 Scheduling
160
1
8.5.4 Condition Evaluation and Action Execution
161
2
8.6 Classification of Existing Approaches
163
2
8.7 Conclusion
165
1
8.8 References
166
11
9 Comparing Deductive and Active Databases
177
18
Alvaro A.A. Fernandes
9.1 Introduction
177
4
9.1.1 Main Classes of Rule-Based Database Systems
177
1
9.1.2 Some Pragmatic Issues to Confront
178
1
9.1.3 Possible Directions for Unification Efforts
179
1
9.1.4 Main Requirements for Unification Efforts
180
1
9.2 Deductive Rules Compared with Active Rules
181
3
9.2.1 Semantic Dissimilarities
181
1
9.2.2 Syntactic Similarities
182
1
9.2.3 A Dimensional Analysis of Deductive Rule Sets
183
1
9.3 Bringing Deductive and Active Rules Together
184
4
9.3.1 Issues and Targets
184
1
9.3.2 Basic Research Stances
185
3
9.4 A Brief Survey of Proposals for Languages with Deductive and Active Capabilities
188
3
9.4.1 The Widom Spectrum
188
1
9.4.2 DDB-Oriented Proposals
188
2
9.4.3 ADB-Oriented Proposals
190
1
9.5 Conclusion
191
1
9.6 Acknowledgments
192
1
9.7 References
192
3
III Systems
195
142
10 Active Database Features in SQL3
197
24
Krishna Kulkarni
Nelson Mattos
Roberta Cochrane
10.1 Introduction
197
1
10.2 Triggers in SQL3
198
14
10.2.1 Constraints in SQL3
199
2
10.2.2 Overview of SQL3 Triggers
201
5
10.2.3 Execution Model for Triggers in SQL3
206
5
10.2.4 Discussion of SQL3's Execution Model
211
1
10.3 Examples
212
4
10.4 Comparison of SQL3 Triggers to the Active Database Framework
216
2
10.4.1 Knowledge Model
216
1
10.4.2 Execution Model
216
1
10.4.3 Management
217
1
10.5 Conclusion
218
1
10.6 References
218
3
11 Ariel
221
12
Eric N. Hanson
11.1 Introduction
221
1
11.2 The Ariel Query and Rule Languages
222
2
11.2.1 Semantics of Rule Execution
223
1
11.3 Examples
224
1
11.4 Architectural Overview
225
4
11.4.1 The Discrimination Network
226
3
11.4.2 The Rule Execution Monitor
229
1
11.5 System Properties and Relationship to Other Work
229
1
11.6 Conclusion
230
1
11.7 References
231
2
12 SAMOS
233
16
Stella Gatziu
Klaus R. Dittrich
12.1 Introduction
233
1
12.2 ECA Rules in SAMOS
234
3
12.3 The SAMOS Prototype
237
6
12.3.1 Defining Rules and Events
237
3
12.3.2 Rule Processing
240
1
12.3.3 Evaluation of the SAMOS Prototype
241
1
12.3.4 An Example
242
1
12.4 Future Directions
243
1
12.5 Conclusion
244
1
12.6 Acknowledgments
245
1
12.7 References
246
3
13 EXACT: An Approach to Coping with Heterogeneous Rule Execution Models
249
14
Oscar Diaz
13.1 Introduction
249
2
13.2 The Knowledge Model
251
1
13.3 The Execution Model
251
3
13.4 Some Examples
254
5
13.4.1 Dynamic Display Support
255
1
13.4.2 Relationship Semantic Support
256
1
13.4.3 Integrity Constraint Maintenance
257
2
13.5 Conclusion
259
1
13.6 References
260
3
14 REACH
263
16
Jurgen Zimmermann
Alejandro P. Buchmann
14.1 Introduction
263
1
14.2 The OpenOODB Platform
264
2
14.3 REACH Goals, Design Principles, and Implementation Decisions
266
5
14.3.1 Event Detection and Composition
266
1
14.3.2 Rule Execution and Coupling Modes
267
2
14.3.3 Events: Scoping, Composition, and Parameter Passing
269
2
14.4 REACH Environment and Tools
271
3
14.4.1 Modeling Rules with OMT+
271
1
14.4.2 Rule Language REAL
272
1
14.4.3 Administration Tools
273
1
14.5 Summary of Features
274
1
14.6 Conclusion
274
1
14.7 Acknowledgments
275
1
14.8 References
276
3
15 NAOS
279
18
Christine Collet
15.1 Introduction
279
1
15.2 Rules in NAOS
280
5
15.2.1 Rules and O2
280
1
15.2.2 Rule Definition
281
1
15.2.3 Event Part
282
1
15.2.4 Condition
283
1
15.2.5 Action
283
1
15.2.6 Event-Condition-Action Binding
283
1
15.2.7 Management of Rules
284
1
15.2.8 Conclusion
284
1
15.3 Event Types
285
2
15.3.1 Primitive Event Types
285
1
15.3.2 Composite Event Types
286
1
15.3.3 Validity Time Interval
286
1
15.3.4 With Clause
286
1
15.4 Rule Execution
287
3
15.4.1 Coupling Modes
287
1
15.4.2 Multiple Rule Execution
287
1
15.4.3 Cascading Execution
287
1
15.4.4 Net Effect Policy and Error Handling
288
1
15.4.5 Asynchronous Rule Execution
289
1
15.4.6 Conclusion
289
1
15.5 Implementation
290
2
15.5.1 Analyser
290
1
15.5.2 Constructor
291
1
15.5.3 Event Detectors and Event Manager
291
1
15.5.4 Executor
292
1
15.6 Conclusion
292
2
15.7 Acknowledgments
294
1
15.8 References
294
3
16 PFL: An Active Functional DBPL
297
12
Swarup Reddi
Alexandra Poulovassilis
Carol Small
16.1 Introduction
297
1
16.2 PFL
298
3
16.2.1 Types
298
1
16.2.2 Expressions and Functions
299
1
16.2.3 Bulk Data
299
1
16.2.4 Queries and Transactions
300
1
16.2.5 User-Defined Events
300
1
16.3 The Active Subsystem
301
5
16.3.1 Primitive Events
301
1
16.3.2 ECA rules
301
3
16.3.3 Execution Model
304
1
16.3.4 Abort Handling
305
1
16.4 Conclusion
306
1
16.5 Acknowledgments
307
1
16.6 References
307
2
17 Chimera: A Language for Designing Rule Applications
309
14
Piero Fraternali
Stefano Paraboschi
17.1 Introduction
309
1
17.2 The Chimera Model and Language
310
5
17.2.1 The Chimera Trigger Language
311
1
17.2.2 Events
312
1
17.2.3 Conditions
312
1
17.2.4 Actions
313
1
17.2.5 Execution Model
314
1
17.3 Chimera as a Conceptual Specification Language
315
5
17.3.1 Generation of Chimera Triggers from High-Level Declarative Specifications
316
1
17.3.2 Chimera Rule Analysis and Debugging
317
2
17.3.3 Implementation of Chimera on Top of Commercial Systems
319
1
17.4 Acknowledgments
320
1
17.5 References
321
2
18 RAP: The ROCK & ROLL Active Programming System
323
14
Andrew Dinn
Norman W. Paton
M. Howard Williams
18.1 Introduction
323
1
18.2 ROCK & ROLL
324
5
18.2.1 Data Model
324
1
18.2.2 ROCK
325
1
18.2.3 ROLL
326
1
18.2.4 Queries
327
2
18.3 Knowledge Model
329
5
18.3.1 Event Language and Event Model
329
3
18.3.2 Condition Model
332
1
18.3.3 Action Model
332
2
18.4 Execution Model
334
1
18.5 Implementation
334
1
18.6 Conclusion
335
1
18.7 References
335
2
IV Applications
337
90
19 Database Internal Applications
339
28
Suzanne M. Embury
Peter M.D. Gray
19.1 Introduction
339
2
19.2 ECA Rules for Integrity Maintenance
341
8
19.2.1 ECA Rules for Checking Constraints
341
4
19.2.2 ECA Rules for Constraint Repair
345
2
19.2.3 ECA Rules for Non Standard Constraint Checking
347
2
19.3 ECA Rules for Views and Data Integration
349
5
19.3.1 ECA Rules for Database Views
351
2
19.3.2 ECA Rules for Data Integration
353
1
19.4 ECA Rules for Advanced Transactions and Updates
354
3
19.5 Conclusion
357
3
19.6 References
360
7
20 Active Database Systems: Expectations, Commercial Experience, and Beyond
367
38
Angelika Kotz-Dittrich
Eric Simon
20.1 Introduction
367
1
20.2 Expectations of Active DBMS's
368
13
20.2.1 Passive Vs. Active Database Applications
368
2
20.2.2 Advantages of Active Database Systems
370
4
20.2.3 Application Domains for Active DBMS's
374
1
20.2.4 Applications Implementing System Extensions
375
3
20.2.5 Applications Implementing Business Rules
378
3
20.3 Realities of Active Database Systems
381
10
20.3.1 Limitations of SQL Trigger Systems
382
3
20.3.2 Administration Tools and Design Methodologies
385
5
20.3.3 Performance
390
1
20.4 Optimizing Active Applications
391
7
20.4.1 Relaxing of Constraints
392
1
20.4.2 Optimizing a Relational Schema
393
1
20.4.3 Select Lower Isolation Modes
394
1
20.4.4 Chopping Transactions
395
2
20.4.5 Choosing the Instants for Rule Processing
397
1
20.4.6 Detached Processing of Triggers
398
1
20.5 Perspectives
398
3
20.5.1 Extensions of SQL Trigger Systems
398
1
20.5.2 Administration Tools and Design Methodologies
399
1
20.5.3 Optimization of Triggers
400
1
20.6 Conclusion
401
1
20.7 Acknowledgments
401
1
20.8 References
402
3
21 Active Real-Time Database Systems
405
22
Jorgen Hansson
Mikael Berndtsson
21.1 Introduction
405
2
21.2 Real-Time Database Systems
407
5
21.2.1 What Is a Real-Time System?
407
1
21.2.2 Categorization of Real-Time Systems
408
1
21.2.3 The Role of ARTDBS in Real-Time Systems
409
2
21.2.4 Real-Time Transaction Characteristics
411
1
21.2.5 Temporal Scope
411
1
21.3 Applications
412
2
21.3.1 Cooperative Distributed Navigation Systems
412
1
21.3.2 Network Management
413
1
21.4 System Aspects
414
8
21.4.1 Execution Model: Coupling Modes
414
2
21.4.2 Execution Model: Action Scheduling and Execution
416
2
21.4.3 Event Detection
418
1
21.4.4 Rule Triggering
419
1
21.4.5 Condition Evaluation
420
1
21.4.6 ARTDBS Prototypes and Platforms
420
2
21.5 Conclusion
422
1
21.6 Acknowledgments
423
1
21.7 References
423
4
V Summary
427
8
22 Summary
429
6
Norman W. Paton
22.1 Introduction
429
1
22.2 Topic-Based Summaries
429
4
22.2.1 Architectures
429
1
22.2.2 Event Detection
430
1
22.2.3 Specification of Active Systems
430
1
22.2.4 Rule Analysis
431
1
22.2.5 Rule Optimization
431
1
22.2.6 Condition Monitoring/Production Rule Algorithms
431
1
22.2.7 Performance Assessment/Improvement
431
1
22.2.8 Design Methods
432
1
22.2.9 Tool Support
432
1
22.2.10 Distribution
432
1
22.2.11 Applications
433
1
22.2.12 Standards
433
1
22.3 References
433
2
Index
435