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Tables of Contents for Developmental Care of Newborns & Infants
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Developmental Care: An Overview
1
35
Jana L. Pressler
Carol Spruill Turnage-Carrier
Carole Kenner
Frontier of Molecular Biology
1
6
Historical Perspective of Caregiving in Nurseries
1
6
Developmental Care as a Focal Point
7
6
Hospitalism and Infant Intelligence
7
1
Emotional Problems, Environmental Retardation, and Essential Maternal Behavior
7
1
Institutionalized Care, Maternal Deprivation, and Sensory Stimulation
7
1
The Conceptualization of Early Experience in Terms of Socioeconomic Status
7
1
Transitioning from the Organization of Behavior to Assimilation and Accomodation
8
1
Major Assumptions Underlying Development
8
1
The Birth of Individualized Developmental Caregiving
8
3
Other Individualized Neonatal Assessment Tools
11
2
Contemporary Intensive Care and Its Relationship to Infant Outcomes
13
1
What Is Currently Known about the Outcomes of Hospitalized Preterm Neonates
14
6
Supplemental Stimulation
14
2
Providing Contingent Care Based on Infant Cues
16
1
Reduced Stimulation
17
1
Decreasing or Eliminating Inappropriate or Overstimulating NICU Experiences
17
1
NICU Environmental and Caregiving Factors
17
1
Parents' Involvement in NICU Caregiving and Parents' Bonding to Their Infants
18
1
Considerably More Sophisticated Methods Are Required
19
1
Environmental Neonatology as a Discipline in Its Own Right
20
3
``Generic'' Developmental Care Practices
20
1
Infant and Environmental Assessments
21
1
Sensitivity and Specificity
21
2
Family-Centered Care
23
1
Economics of Health Care
23
2
Business Factors
23
2
Scope of Practice---Developmental Care
25
1
Intensive Care Nursery Design Standards and Developmental Care
26
1
The Future of Developmental Care
27
1
Conclusion
27
8
Individualized Care: Actions for the Individualized Staff Member
35
12
Diane D. Ballweg
Individual Actions to Promote Developmentally Supportive Care in the NICU
36
6
Commitment and Self-Education
36
1
Relationship Building
36
2
Supportive Care Practices
38
4
Working through Common Challenges
42
1
Process Challenges
42
1
Personal Challenges
42
1
Challenges for Families
42
1
Challenges for Staff
42
1
System Support Challenges
43
1
Challenges for Infants
43
1
Conclusion
43
4
Theoretic Perspective for Developmentally Supportive Care
47
18
Heidelise Als
gretchen Lawhon
Brain Development
47
1
Developmental Theory
48
2
Understanding Newborn Behavior
50
1
NIDCAP®
51
1
Supportive Research
52
4
NIDCAP® Guidelines for Collaborative Care
56
1
Structuring of the Infant's 24-Hour Day
56
3
Enhancement of the Physical Environment in Support of Infants and Families
57
1
Collaboration of Care Providers
58
1
Conclusion
59
6
Infant Mental Health: A New Dimension to Care
65
10
Gay Gale
Bette Liberman Flushman
Mary Claire Heffron
Nancy Sweet
Infant Mental Health Services
65
2
Background
65
1
Infant Mental Health and Developmental Care in the NICU
66
1
Interventions That Promote Infant Mental Health in the NICU
67
3
Support Relationship-Based Developmentally Supportive Care
67
1
Promote Positive Interactions
67
1
Promote Attachment
68
1
Recognize and Acknowledge Parental Stress
69
1
Provide Infants with Opportunities for Positive Social Interactions with Volunteers
69
1
The Role of the Bedside Nurse in Promoting Infant Mental Health
70
1
Promote Feelings of Parental Competence
70
1
Recognize and Acknowledge the Impact of Parents' Histories
70
1
Recognize and Acknowledge Personal Feelings
70
1
Specific Recommendations for Bedside Caregivers
70
1
Case Study
71
1
Conclusion
72
3
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Environment
75
14
Maryann Bozzette
Carole Kenner
Medical Knowledge Underpinning Neonatal Behavior
75
1
Medical Terminology for Care in the Nursery
76
1
Basic Principles, Uses, and Potential Complications of the NICU Equipment
77
1
The Physical Environment
77
2
Infection Control and Developmental Outcomes
78
1
Medical Complications: Primary and Iatrogenic
79
2
Sound
79
1
Light
80
1
Handling
80
1
Developmental Interventions
81
1
Parents of Critically Ill Infants
81
1
Relationship of the Early Environment to Neonatal Outcomes
82
1
Behavioral and Developmental Effects of Drugs in the NICU
82
3
Care Procedures and Development
84
1
Conclusion
85
4
Critical Periods of Development
89
16
Marilyn J. Lotas
Joyce L. King
Cheryl Ann King
Development Weeks 1 to 8: Fertilization through the Embryonic Stage
89
1
Stage 1: Fertilization Occurs (1 Day Postovulation)
89
1
Stage 2: Cleavage; First Cell Division (1.5 to 3 Days Postovulation)
89
1
Stage 3: Early Blastocyst (4 Days Postovulation)
89
1
Stage 4: Implantation Begins (5 to 6 Days Postovulation)
90
1
Stage 5: Implantation Complete; Placental Circulation System Begins (7 to 12 Days Postovulation)
90
1
Development of the Placenta
90
9
Development of the Placenta and Fetal Membranes
91
1
Development of the Chorionic Sac
91
1
Placental Structure
92
1
Fetal-Placental Circulation
92
1
Placental Function
92
1
Stage 6: Chorionic Villi Form; Gastrulation (13 Days Postovulation)
93
1
Stage 7: Neurulation and Notochordal Process (16 Days Postovulation)
93
1
Stage 8: Primitive Pit, Notochordal Canal, and Neurenteric Canals Form (17 to 19 Days Postovulation)
94
1
Stage 9: Somites Appear (19 to 21 Days Postovulation)
94
1
Stage 10: Neural Fold Begins to Fuse; Heart Tube Fuses (21 to 23 Days Postovulation)
94
1
Stage 11: Thirteen to Twenty Somite Pairs Have Formed; Rostral Neuropore Closes; Optic Vesicle, Two Pharyngeal Arches Appear (23 to 25 Days Postovulation)
94
1
Stage 12: 21 to 29 Somite Pairs Are Present; Caudal Neuropore Closes; 3 to 4 Pharyngeal Arches Appear; Upper Limb Buds Appear (25 to 27 Days Postovulation)
94
1
Stage 13: Four Limb Buds, Lens Disc and Optic Vesicle, 30 to 40 Somite Pairs Can Be Found (Approximately 27 to 29 Days Postovulation)
95
1
Stage 14: Lens Pit and Optic Cub Appear; Endolymphatic Appendages Are Distinct (4 to 8 Weeks Postfertilization)
95
1
Stage 15: Lens Vesicles, Nasal Pit, and Hand Plate Develop; Trunk Widens; Future Cerebral Hemispheres Are Distinct (6 to 8 Weeks Postfertilization)
96
1
Stage 16: Growth Spurt (6 to 8 Weeks Postfertilization)
96
1
Stage 17: A Four-Chamber Heart and a Sense of Smell (Approximately 41 Days Postovulation)
97
1
Stage 18: Ossification of Skeleton Begins (42 to 46 Days Postovulation)
97
1
Stage 19: Brain Waves and Muscles (Approximately 47 to 48 Days Postovulation)
97
1
Stage 20: Spontaneous Involuntary Movement (49 to 51 Days Postovulation)
98
1
Stage 21: Intestines Begin to Recede into Body Cavity (Approximately 52 Days Postovulation)
98
1
Stage 22: Heart Development Ends (53 to 55 Days Postovulation)
98
1
Stage 23: Essential External and Internal Structures Complete (Approximately 56 to 57 Days Postovulation)
98
1
Development: Weeks 9 to 40: Fetal Development
99
5
Weeks 9 to 11
99
1
Weeks 12 to 15
99
2
Weeks 16 to 20
101
1
Weeks 20 to 24
101
1
Weeks 24 to 28
102
1
Weeks 28 to 32
103
1
Weeks 32 to 36
103
1
Weeks 36 to Term
103
1
Conclusion
104
1
Neurologic Development
105
14
Jacqueline M. McGrath
Neurologic Development
105
3
Proliferation
105
1
Migration
105
1
Synapses Formation
106
1
Organization
106
1
Myelination
107
1
Neurologic Physiology
108
9
Cellular Level
108
1
Functional Level
108
9
Caregiving Implications: Individualized, Family-Centered, Developmental Care
117
1
Conclusion
117
2
Motor Development Chronology: A Dynamic Process
119
12
Jane K. Sweeney
Teresa Gutierrez
Structural Development
119
2
Skeleton
119
1
Vertebrae and Ribs
119
1
Limbs
119
1
Articular Structures
120
1
Muscle Tissue
121
1
Prenatal Movement
121
1
Development of Posture, Movement, and Tone
122
2
Clinical Implications for Neonatal Care
124
1
Musculoskeletal Shaping
124
1
Interdisciplinary Follow-up
125
2
Conclusion
127
4
Factors That Can Influence Fetal Development
131
26
Jacqueline M. McGrath
Carole Kenner
Kelly A. Amspacher
Prenatal Influences on Fetal Development (Intrinsic Factors during Pregnancy)
131
5
Prenatal Influences on Fetal Development (Extrinsic Factors during Pregnancy)
136
1
Maternal Lifestyle
136
1
Maternal Complications
137
3
Diabetes
137
1
Cardiac Disease
138
2
Maternal Trauma
140
1
Maternal Surgery
140
1
Fetal Complications
140
1
Teratogens
141
1
Genetic History
141
1
Detectable Anomalies
141
2
Perinatal Influences on Fetal Development (Maternal History, during Pregnancy, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors)
143
3
Maternal Disease
143
1
Placental Abnormalities
143
1
Hypertensive States in Pregnancy
143
1
Thyroid Disorders
143
1
Renal Disease
143
1
Premature Rupture of Membranes
144
1
Maternal Substance Abuse
144
1
Tobacco
145
1
Alcohol
145
1
Maternal/Fetal Infections
145
1
Postnatal Influences on Neonatal Development
146
1
Medical Complications of Newborn
147
1
Complications Experienced by the Newborn
148
4
Conclusion
152
5
The NICU Experience and Its Relationship to Sensory Integration
157
26
Linda M. Lutes
Chrysty D. Graves
Katherine M. Jorgensen
Sensory Integration
158
1
Sensory Systems and Examples of Adaptive Behavior
159
1
Sensory Integrative Dysfunction
160
2
Aspects of Neurology
162
1
Brain Development by 24 Weeks' Gestation
163
4
Function: Tactile System (Touch)
167
1
Sensory Integration Dysfunction
168
3
Vestibular System (Gravity, Balance, and Motion)
170
1
Proprioception (Muscle and Joints)
171
9
Gustatory (Taste) Development
172
1
Function: Olfactory (Smell)
173
1
Olfactory Development
174
1
Auditory (Sound)
175
3
Visual (Sight)
178
2
Case Study of Sensory Integration Dysfunction
180
1
Conclusion
180
3
Infant Sleep Position Protocols
183
14
Terrie Lockridge
Lauren T. Taquino
Definition of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
183
1
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Infant Sleep Position: The International Experience
184
1
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Infant Sleep Position: The American Experience
184
1
Current American Association of Pediatrics Recommendations
185
1
Proposed Etiology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
185
1
Independent Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
186
3
Modifiable Risk Factors: Prone Sleep
187
1
Modifiable Risk Factors: Overheating
187
1
Modifiable Risk Factors: Soft Sleep Surfaces
187
1
Modifiable Risk Factors: Inappropriate Sleep Environments
187
1
Safety Concerns and Adverse Outcomes
188
1
Application in the NICU Setting
189
1
Developmental Continuum
190
1
Protocol Development: Transition to Supine Sleep Position
191
1
Protocol Development: Bedding and Sleep Surfaces
191
1
Protocol Development: Prone for Play
192
1
Protocol Implementation Strategies
192
1
Family Education
193
1
Conclusion
194
3
Pain Management
197
26
Marlene Walden
Katherine M. Jorgensen
Standards of Practice
197
1
Physiology of Pain
197
2
Significance of Pain Response in Neonates
199
1
Definition of Pain
199
1
Clinical Procedures Causing Pain
199
1
Pain Assessment
200
3
Contextual Factors Modifying Neonatal Pain Responses
203
1
Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Clinical Procedures Causing Minor Pain
203
7
Macroenvironment
204
1
Microenvironment
205
5
End-of-Life Care
210
1
Developmentally Supportive Care: Pain
210
10
Conclusion
220
3
Palliative Care
223
6
Tanya Sudia-Robinson
Normalization of Dying
223
1
Alleviating Pain and Suffering
223
1
Incorporating Specific Developmental Care Measures
224
1
Kangaroo Care
224
1
Music Therapy
224
1
Ambient Lighting
224
1
Aromatherapy
224
1
Infant Massage
224
1
Providing Opportunities for Parenting
225
1
Timing of Opportunities for Involvement
225
1
Differences between First-Time Parents and Parents with Other Children
225
1
Openness to Innovative Practices
226
1
Conclusion
226
3
Environmental Issues
229
42
Lynda Law Harrison
Marilyn J. Lotas
Katherine M. Jorgensen
Animate Environment
229
22
Tactile Stimulation
229
1
Studies Describing Tactile Stimulation Routinely Received by Infants in the NICU
229
1
Studies Evaluating Interventions Providing Supplemental Tactile, Kinesthetic, and/or Vestibular Stimulation
229
1
Studies of Still, Gentle Touch
230
1
Studies Examining Preterm Infants' Responses to Stroking or Massage without Kinesthetic Stimulation
231
3
Studies of Massage Combined with Kinesthetic or Vestibular Stimulation
234
2
Parental Involvement
236
3
Principles of Family-Centered Care
239
12
Inanimate Environment
251
11
Light: Research and Interventions
251
5
Sound in the NICU
256
4
NICU Design
260
2
Conclusion
262
9
Caregiving and the Environment
271
28
Carol Spruill Turnage-Carrier
Vestibular System
271
2
Taste and Smell
273
2
Auditory System
275
1
The Fetus and Sound
276
6
Infant Responses to Noise
276
1
Waking Thresholds
276
1
Hearing and Speech
277
1
The NICU Sound Environment
277
1
Modifying the Sound Environment
277
1
Scheduled Quiet Times
277
1
Structural Modification to Abate Sound
277
1
Unimodal and Multimodal Supplemental Sound Stimulation in the NICU
278
1
Supplemental Intervention Using Sound Stimulation
278
1
Multimodal Stimulation
279
1
Conclusions and Recommendations for the Sound Environment
280
2
Visual Stimulation
282
4
Visual System Characteristics
282
1
Research: Illumination and Visual Stimulation
282
4
Care Delivery
286
2
Modifying Care Procedures/Techniques
286
1
State Responsive Timing of Care
287
1
Clustered Care
287
1
Skin-to-Skin Holding or Kangaroo Care
288
2
Research Evidence: Physiologic and Behavioral Parameters
288
1
Preterm Infant Development and Kangaroo Care
289
1
Parenting Outcomes with Kangaroo Care
289
1
Individualized Developmental Care as an Intervention
290
1
Conclusion
290
9
Positioning
299
22
Jan Hunter
Predisposition of NICU Infants to Postural and Movement Problems
299
1
Implications of Preterm Birth on Musculoskeletal Maturation
299
1
Principle of Activity-Dependent Development
299
1
Impact of Positioning on Infants in the NICU
300
5
Neurobehavioral Organization
301
1
Iatrogenic Positional Deformities and Developmental Consequences
301
4
General Principles and Concepts of Therapeutic Positioning
305
3
Positioning Techniques
308
2
Supine
308
1
Prone
309
1
Sidelying
309
1
Positioning Transition from the NICU to Home
310
1
Medical and Developmental Considerations in Positioning
311
10
Feeding
321
22
Jacqueline M. McGrath
The Importance of Feeding
321
1
Gastrointestinal Tract: Anatomic and Physiologic Limitations
322
1
Enteral Feeding
323
2
Minimal Enternal Nutrition Feedings
323
1
Gavage Feedings
324
1
Tube Placement
324
1
Oral Gastric Versus Nasal Gastric Feedings
325
1
Continuous Versus Bolus Feedings
325
2
Nursing Interventions during Gavage Feedings
326
1
Breastfeeding
327
1
University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center Clinical Care Guideline
327
3
Subject: Breastfeeding for the Newborn Infant in the NICU/ICN
327
3
Physiology and Development of Sucking and Swallowing
330
4
Sucking
331
1
Nutritive Sucking
332
1
Milk Volume Intake during Nutritive Sucking
332
1
Swallowing
333
1
Breathing
334
1
Sucking, Swallowing, and Breathing
334
1
Assessment of Feeding Readiness
334
1
Setting the Stage for First and Subsequent Feeding Success
334
2
Scheduled Versus Demand
336
1
Psychosocial and Family Issues: Preparing for Discharge
336
1
Future Research Implications and Conclusions
336
2
Conclusions
338
5
Family Issues/Professional-Parent Partnerships
343
16
Lois V.S. Gates
Jacqueline M. McGrath
Katherine M. Jorgensen
Professional-Parent Partnerships
343
4
Core Values
347
1
Partnership Benefits
348
1
Potential Benefits
348
1
Parent-Infant Bond
348
1
Parent-Infant Communications
349
1
Family-Unit Integrity
350
1
Transition Ease
351
1
Benefits for the NICU
351
1
Caregiver Challenges
351
1
Partnership Strategies
352
1
Resources
352
1
Evaluation
352
1
Preterm Parents and Grief Concepts
352
4
Conclusion
356
3
Father's Role in NICU Care: Evidence-Based Practice
359
14
Shawn Pohlman
Study's Sample/Demographics
360
1
Data Collection
360
1
Findings
360
2
The Primacy of Work
360
1
Fathering in the Hospital: From Expert to Novice
360
2
Managing the Home Front: Life Outside the NICU
362
1
``It's Really Hard to Get to Know Her''
362
5
Getting to Know: In the NICU
362
2
Getting to Know: At Home
364
3
Communication Barriers
367
2
``I'm Sort of the Second Ears''
367
1
``We Don't Push''
367
1
``She's Yours, But...''
368
1
``It Depends on the Nurse''
368
1
Making a Connection: The Father's Voice
369
1
Recommendations for Change in Practice
370
1
Conclusion
371
2
Early Intervention beyond the Newborn Period
373
38
Deborah Winders Davis
Jane K. Sweeney
Carol Spruill Turnage-Carrier
Chrysty D. Graves
Linda Rector
Overview of Relevant Developmental Concepts
373
1
Developmental Follow-up
374
1
Developmental Intervention
375
1
Cognitive Skills: Attention, Self-Regulation, and Perception
375
3
Early Intervention
378
2
Summary
380
1
Role of the Physical Therapist
381
6
Theoretic Framework
381
3
Subspecialty Training
384
1
Physical Therapy Roles and Services
384
3
Role of the Occupational Therapist
387
3
Evolving Role
387
1
Competency
388
1
Prevent of Minimize Developmental Problems
388
2
Developmental Issues for the Technology-Dependent Infant
390
1
Early Intervention in the NICU
390
2
Developmental Domains
392
1
Goals of Developmental Program for Infants beyond the Newborn Period
393
1
Parents Shape Long-Term Outcomes
394
1
Infant Characteristics
395
1
Hearing and Vision Screening
395
9
Nongenetic Causes of Hearing Loss
396
8
Developmental Intervention
404
1
Developmental Teams
405
1
The Plan
406
1
Link to Community
407
1
Hospital-Based Early Intervention
407
1
Conclusion
407
4
NICU and beyond Benefits: Benchmarking with Measurable Outcomes
411
12
Rita H. Pickler
Barbara A. Reyna
Jacqueline M. McGrath
Improved Medical Outcomes
411
3
Length of Hospitalization
414
1
Feeding Outcomes
414
1
Parent Satisfaction
415
1
Morbidity after Discharge
415
1
Readmissions and Emergency Room Visits
415
1
Developmental Milestones and Neurobehavioral Performance
416
1
Family Well-Being
417
1
Conclusion
418
5
Organizational Climate, Implementation of Change, and Outcomes
423
40
Carol Spruill Turnage-Carrier
Charlotte Ward-Larson
Lois V.S. Gates
Overview of General Principles of Organizational Climate
423
1
Examining Current Organizational Climate
423
4
Leadership Support and Style
427
3
NICU Culture
430
2
Conflict Resolution Styles and Avenues
432
1
Reflective Process for Consultation
433
1
Adult Mental-Health Professionals for Staff Support
434
1
Influence of Stressors on the NICU
435
2
Communication Patterns
437
1
Role of Parents in the NICU
438
1
Implementation of Change
439
1
Individualized Family-Centered Developmentally Supportive Care
439
1
Effects of Organization and/or Unit Culture
439
1
Defining the New Culture
440
2
Leadership
442
1
Process for Change
443
3
Implementing Individualized Family-Centered Developmental Care: Clinical Pathways
446
13
Pathway Development
446
6
Planning Care
452
1
Integrating the Family into the Plan of Care
452
1
Monitoring and Evaluating Care
452
7
Outcomes
459
1
Conclusion
459
4
Implications of Early Intervention Legislation
463
10
Kathleen A. VandenBerg
Early Childhood Education
463
1
Early Development: A Unique Period for Learning
463
1
Historical Roots: The Evolution of Early Childhood Intervention
464
1
Early Childhood Education
464
1
Head Start
464
1
Maternal and Child Health Services
465
1
Child Development Research
465
1
Special Education
466
1
Legal Accomplishments on Behalf of Early Interventions
466
1
Education for All Handicapped Children ACT PL 94-142 (1975)
466
1
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1986)
467
1
The Program for Infants and Toddlers (Part C of IDEA)
467
1
The Preschool Grants Program (Part B of IDEA)
467
1
What Legislation Means
468
1
The Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development
468
1
Legislation and Developmental Care
469
1
Conclusion
470
3
Interdisciplinary Competency Validation
473
24
Jana L. Pressler
Lynn B. Rasmussen
What Is Keeping Developmentally Supportive Care from Being Fully Implemented
473
4
The Resistance of Scientists to New Scientific Discoveries
474
1
Randomized, Controlled Trial Designs and Subsequent Results
474
2
The Optimal Study Design for Intervention Research
476
1
Four Key Constructs Pertinent to Understanding Developmental Care Competencies
477
2
Competency
477
1
Criterion-Related Positive Effects
478
1
Validation
479
1
Competence Validation
479
1
Development of Devlopmental Care Competencies
479
7
Basic Nursing Education
480
1
Continuing Nurse Education Professional Development
481
4
Developmental Nursing Education
485
1
Additional Considerations Regarding Competency Education
485
1
Online Developmental Care Education
486
2
Wee Care Works
486
1
NIDCAP®
487
1
Preceptors for Developmental Care
488
1
Assessing, Validating, and Furthering Caregiver Developmental Care Competencies
489
1
The Use of Respect
489
1
Knowing When a Nursery Has True Standards for Competency
489
1
The Requisite of Careful Planning
490
1
Designing and Modifying Developmental Care Interventions
491
1
Incorporating Developmental Care into Physical Examinations
491
1
Partial Rationale for Competency: Prevention of Complications
491
1
Central Features Affecting Successful Implementation
492
2
Conclusion
494
3
Developmental Care and Advanced Practice Nursing Education
497
6
Jacqueline M. McGrath
Purpose of the Program
497
1
Program Plan
498
2
Conclusion
500
3
New Roles for Developmental Care
503
18
Diane D. Ballweg
Anjanette Lee
Primary Roles for Effective Developmental Care Implementation
504
9
Developmental Specialist
504
5
Developmental Care Nurse Educator
509
1
Developmental Care Unit Consultant
509
2
Multidisciplinary Developmental Leadership Team
511
1
Parent Representative/Advisory Council
512
1
Reflective Process Expert
512
1
Optimal Use of Developmentally Supportive Roles in the NICU: Comprehensive Proactive Program Versus Individual Reactive Consultation
513
1
Implementation Challenges for Developmental Care Roles
514
2
Funding
514
1
Availability of Qualified Individuals
515
1
Dealing with Change
515
1
Conclusion
516
5
Professional Issues and the Future of Developmental Care: Where Will It Be in the 21st Century?
521
4
Carole Kenner
Jacqueline M. McGrath
Professional Associations and Their Role in Developmental Care
521
1
Professional Certification in Developmental Care: Is It Necessary?
522
1
Strategies for Advancing Developmental Care in the 21st Century
522
1
Predictions for Developmental Care in the 21st Century
523
1
Conclusion
523
2
A Sample Protocols and Job Descriptions for Developmental Care
525
14
B Newborn Individualized Developmental Care Assessment Program (NIDCAP®), Boston, MA---www.nidcap.com/nidcap/
539
4
C Wee Care® Program, Norwell, MA---www.childmed.com
543
2
D Preemie for a Day® Program, Norwell, MA---www.childmed.com
545
2
E Sample Physical Therapy Competencies and Early Intervention Plans
547
10
F Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (N-PASS)
557
2
G Bibliography and Web Resources
559
6
Index
565