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Tables of Contents for Mass Communications Law
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
v
Table of Cases
xxvii
PART ONE. THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS
The First Amendment in Perspective
1
44
Introduction
1
2
Background, Theories and Direction of the First Amendment
3
23
Background
3
2
Theories and Tests of the First Amendment
5
3
Absolutism
8
3
The ``Clear and Present Danger'' Test
11
3
Ad Hoc Balancing of Interests
14
4
Definitional Balancing
18
1
Present Direction of the Supreme Court
19
7
The Dichotomy Between Prior Restraint and Subsequent Punishment of Expression
26
4
Information as Property
30
15
Conflict Between Economic Interests and Information Flow
30
1
Copyright and the First Amendment
31
14
Defamation and Mass Communication
45
74
Interests in Conflict
45
1
Common Law Defamation
46
20
Definition and Elements
46
1
The Defamatory Statement
47
4
Publication
51
3
Identification
54
2
Economic Loss
56
1
The Contrast Between Libel and Slander
56
2
The Special Cases of Slander
58
1
Libel Per Se and Per Quod
59
2
Theories of Liability
61
1
Remedies
62
1
Damages
62
4
The Common Law Defenses
66
15
Truth or ``Justification''
67
1
Privilege
68
1
Absolute Privilege
68
2
Qualified Privilege
70
2
Limitations on the Scope of the Privilege
72
2
General Requirements of the Privilege
74
1
Fair Comment
75
1
Incomplete Defenses
76
5
The New Constitutional Law of Defamation
81
38
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
81
3
Effects of the New York Times Case
84
2
The New York Times Progeny
86
5
The Basic Public Figure-Private Person Distinction of Gertz v. Welch
91
3
The Broad Meaning of Gertz
94
1
The Public Figure---Private Person Distinction
95
1
Narrowing of the Public Figure Classification
95
5
The Effect of Time Passage on Public Figure Status
100
1
The Fact-Opinion Dichotomy
101
3
Specific Problems for the Media Created by Gertz
104
2
Questions Raised by Gertz
106
2
An Attempt to ``Get Around'' New York Times and Its Reaffirmation a Generation Later
108
3
Non-Media Defendants and Matters of Public Concern
111
2
Miscellaneous Constitutional Privileges Claimed by Journalists in Defamation Cases
113
1
Nondisclosure of the Editorial Decision Making Process
113
2
Neutral Reportage
115
4
Privacy and The Mass Media
119
61
Introduction
119
1
History and Development of the Common Law
120
1
The Common Law Today
121
54
Appropriation
122
1
Right of Publicity
123
7
Applicability of First Amendment Theory to Appropriation Cases
130
2
Intrusion
132
1
Common Law
132
4
Federal Legislation
136
6
Possession of Stolen Material and Intrusion by Journalists on Private Property
142
10
Applicability of First Amendment Theory to Intrusion
152
1
False Light
152
1
Nature and Limitations
152
4
Relationship to Defamation
156
1
Applicability of First Amendment Theory to False Light Cases
156
3
Public Disclosure of Private Facts
159
1
Nature and Limitations
159
1
The Newsworthiness Privilege
160
6
Applicability of First Amendment Theory to Public Disclosure of Private Facts
166
7
Common Characteristics of the Four Types of Invasion of Privacy
173
2
Legislation Designed to Protect Personal Privacy
175
5
Privacy Act of 1974
175
1
Driver's Privacy Protection Act
175
2
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
177
3
Restraint of Obscene Expression
180
41
General Theory
180
23
The Definitional Problem
180
1
Background
181
1
Modern Doctrinal Development
182
2
The Last Word on Obscenity: Miller v. California
184
5
Effects of Miller, Paris Adult Theatre and Jenkins
189
2
Difficulties With the New Approach
191
1
Variable Obscenity Standards
192
2
Child Pornography
194
5
Recent Cases Involving Child Pornography
199
1
Feminist Proposals for Statutory Civil Actions to Counter Pornographic Depictions of Women
200
3
Important Special Areas of Restraint of Sexual Expression
203
14
Mail and Customs Censorship
203
2
Motion Pictures
205
1
Background and Modern Doctrine
205
1
Procedural Safeguards for Film
206
3
Dial-a-Porn
209
1
Military Bases and Prisons
210
2
Sexually Explicit Music Lyrics and Graphic Art
212
4
Nude Dancing
216
1
Subsequent Criminal Sanctions
217
4
Restraint of The Press for Purposes of National Security
221
19
The Conflict
221
1
Legal Background
222
1
New York Times Co. v. United States
223
7
Other Inhibitions on Publication
230
10
Withholding Passports
230
1
Legislative Prohibitions
230
1
Contractual Prohibitions
231
3
News Blackouts
234
3
Criminal Prosecutions and Threats Thereof
237
3
The Free Press-Fair Trial Conflict
240
25
The Problem
240
8
Introduction
240
1
A Case Study: Sheppard v. Maxwell
241
7
Approaches to the Problem
248
17
Resort to Judicial Procedural Devices
248
2
Limiting Access of the Media to Information About Pending Legal Maters
250
1
Institutional Reactions Favoring Restrictions on News Flow to the Media
250
1
Exclusion of Camera Operators and Equipment From the Courtroom and Environs
251
2
Sealing Arrest and Other Public Records
253
1
Closing the Courtroom
254
1
Prior Restraint of the News Media
255
1
Problems Engendered
255
3
Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart
258
5
Subsequent Criminal Punishment of the News Media
263
2
Freedom to Gather News and Information
265
64
Introduction
265
2
The Federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
267
26
Historical Background
267
1
Operation of the Original Act
267
1
In the Courts
267
1
At the Administrative Level
268
1
Early Amendments to FOIA
268
1
The Electronic Freedom of Information Act
269
1
Litigation Involving the FOIA's Nine Exemptions
270
21
Assessment of FOIA
291
2
Legislation Limiting Access in the Name of Personal Privacy
293
3
Open Meetings-Open Records Legislation
296
4
The Federal Government in the ``Sunshine''
296
1
State Open Meetings and Open Records Laws
297
3
Media Access to Governmentally Restricted Places and Institutions
300
5
Access to Prisons
300
2
Access to Accident Sites
302
3
Media Access to Courts and Judicial Records
305
24
Access to Trial Proceedings
305
7
Access to Trial Proceedings in the United States Senate
312
1
Access to Pretrial Proceedings
313
4
Access to Grand Jury Proceedings
317
2
Access to Jurors' Identities
319
1
Access to Judicial Documents and Discovery Materials
320
2
Access to Sealed Documents
322
4
Access to Videotapes, Audiotapes or Still Photographs
326
3
Newspersons' Privilege, Subpoenas, Contempt Citations and Searches and Seizures
329
40
Subpoenas vs. Claims of Privilege
329
21
The Contemporary Problem
329
3
Legal Background
332
1
Common Law Privilege
332
1
Newspersons' Shield Statutes
332
1
Claims of Privilege Under the First Amendment
333
2
The Branzburg-Pappas-Caldwell Trilogy
335
1
What the Supreme Court Decided
335
2
The Legal Situation After Branzburg
337
1
Civil and Criminal Cases and Grand Jury Proceedings
337
7
Cases Involving Non-Confidential Information
344
2
In Summary
346
2
The Practical Effect of Branzburg on Newsgatherers
348
1
Confrontations With Congress
349
1
Newspersons' Shield Laws
350
5
State Shield Laws
351
1
Statutory Analysis
351
2
Judicial Treatment
353
1
Administrative Protection for the Newsperson: Department of Justice Guidelines
354
1
Lawsuits by News Sources
355
4
Contempt for Unprivileged Refusal to Testify
359
5
The Real Importance of the Privilege
359
1
Types of Contempt
359
1
The Impact of Contempt on Newspersons
360
1
Alternatives to Contempt Citations and Jailing of Newspersons
361
3
The Effect on Newsgathering of Searches and Seizures in the Newsroom
364
5
Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
364
2
Federal Legislation in the Wake of Zurcher
366
3
Regulation of Commercial Speech
369
34
Constitutional History
369
4
The Four-Part Commercial Speech Analysis of Central Hudson
373
8
Attempts to Ban Advertising of Legal Products
381
2
The Special Problem of Professional Advertising
383
8
Advertising by Lawyers: A Case Study
384
6
The Effect of the Lawyer Advertising Cases on the Other Professions
390
1
Access of the Public to the Private Advertising Media
391
2
State Statutory Regulation
393
1
Federal Statutory and Administrative Regulation
394
9
The Federal Trade Commission
394
1
Nature and Jurisdiction
394
1
Organization and Enforcement
395
3
The Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act of 1974
398
1
Constitutional Limitations on the Federal Trade Commission's Power to Impose Sanctions
399
2
The Federal Communications Commission
401
2
PART TWO. REGULATION OF THE ELECTRONIC MASS MEDIA
Regulation of Broadcasting
403
116
The Federal Communications Commission
403
16
Scope of the Commission's Power
406
4
Structural Organization of the Commission
410
3
Juridical Basis for Commission Regulation of Broadcasting
413
6
Structural Regulation
419
48
Allocation of Frequencies
419
1
AM Allocation
420
4
FM Allocation
424
1
Television Allocation
425
1
Digital Television (DTV)
426
4
Broadcast Licensing
430
2
The Showing an Applicant Must Make---Basic Qualifications
432
1
Citizenship
433
1
Character
434
3
Financial Qualifications
437
1
Technical Showing
438
2
Programming
440
1
Processing the Application
441
1
Participation by Non-applicants in the Processing of Applications
442
1
Participation by Other Broadcast Stations
442
1
Participation by the Public
443
2
Comparative Qualifications---The Need for Choice
445
1
The Non-renewal Situation
446
3
The Renewal Situation
449
3
Diversity of Media Ownership
452
11
The Network Rules
463
4
FCC Control of Broadcast Content
467
52
Political Broadcasting
468
1
``Use''
469
2
Legally Qualified Candidates
471
2
Exemptions From Equal Time Requirement
473
3
Necessity for Timely Demand
476
1
Reasonable Access (Section 312(a)(7))
477
5
Lowest Unit Charge
482
5
Censorship
487
3
The ``Zapple Doctrine''
490
1
The ``Fairness Doctrine''
491
3
Political Editorializing
494
1
Personal Attack Rule
494
3
Obscenity, and Indecency
497
5
Children's Programming
502
5
Lotteries
507
3
Contests
510
1
Sponsorship Identification Rules: ``Anti-payola'' and ``Anti-plugola'' Requirements
511
2
Public Broadcasting
513
6
Cable and New Technologies
519
55
Television by Cable
519
42
Jurisdiction
521
1
History
521
4
The Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
525
1
The Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
526
1
Cable System Ownership
526
1
Franchising
527
3
Concentration Rules
530
3
Rate Regulation
533
4
Copyright Problems
537
1
The Compulsory License For Retransmission of Broadcast Signals
538
1
Retransmission Consent
539
2
Signal Carriage Rules
541
1
The ``Must-Carry'' Rules
542
13
The ``May-Carry'' Rules
555
2
Content Regulation
557
4
Multipoint Distribution Service (MDS)
561
3
Satellite Master Antenna Television (SMATV)
564
1
Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS)
565
4
Home Satellite Dishes (TVRO)
569
3
Electronic Publishing (Teletext)
572
2
Internet Law
574
29
Introduction
574
2
Indecency
576
5
Safety and Violence
581
1
Defamation
582
3
Privacy
585
4
Encryption
589
2
Access and Spam
591
2
Copyright & Trademark
593
2
Domain Names
595
4
Open Access
599
1
Convergence and The Future
600
3
Index
603