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Tables of Contents for Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PREFACE
xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
1
35
1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations
3
1
1.2 Populations and Samples
4
6
1.3 The Scientific Method and the Design of Experiments
10
8
1.4 Scales of Measurement
18
3
1.5 Discrete and Continuous Variables
21
2
1.6 Statistical Notation
23
6
Summary
29
1
Focus on Problem Solving
30
1
Demonstrations 1.1 and 1.2
31
2
Problems
33
3
CHAPTER 2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
36
34
2.1 Overview
38
1
2.2 Frequency Distribution Tables
38
6
2.3 Frequency Distribution Graphs
44
5
2.4 The Shape of a Frequency Distribution
49
2
2.5 Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, and Interpolation
51
7
2.6 Stem and Leaf Displays
58
3
Summary
61
1
Focus on Problem Solving
62
1
Demonstrations 2.1 and 2.2
63
3
Problems
66
4
CHAPTER 3 CENTRAL TENDENCY
70
35
3.1 Overview
71
2
3.2 The Mean
73
9
3.3 The Median
82
5
3.4 The Mode
87
1
3.5 Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency
88
8
3.6 Central Tendency and the Shape of the Distribution
96
3
Summary
99
1
Focus on Problem Solving
100
1
Demonstrations 3.1 and 3.2
100
2
Problems
102
3
CHAPTER 4 VARIABILITY
105
31
4.1 Overview
106
1
4.2 The Range
107
1
4.3 The Interquartile Range and Semi-Interquartile Range
108
2
4.4 Standard Deviation and Variance for a Population
110
8
4.5 Standard Deviation and Variance for Samples
118
6
4.6 Properties of the Standard Deviation
124
4
4.7 Comparing Measures of Variability
128
1
Summary
129
1
Focus on Problem Solving
130
1
Demonstration 4.1
131
1
Problems
132
4
TIME OUT # 1
136
2
CHAPTER 5 z-SCORES: LOCATION OF SCORES AND STANDARDIZED DISTRIBUTIONS
138
24
5.1 Overview
139
2
5.2 z-Scores and Location in a Distribution
141
5
5.3 Using z-Scores to Standardize a Distribution
146
8
5.4 Other Standardized Distributions Based on z-Scores
154
3
Summary
157
1
Focus on Problem Solving
157
1
Demonstrations 5.1 and 5.2
158
2
Problems
160
2
CHAPTER 6 PROBABILITY
162
38
6.1 Overview
163
1
6.2 Introduction to Probability
164
6
6.3 Probability and the Normal Distribution
170
12
6.4 Percentiles and Percentile Ranks
182
5
6.5 Probability and the Binomial Distribution
187
6
Summary
193
1
Focus on Problem Solving
194
1
Demonstrations 6.1 and 6.2
195
2
Problems
197
3
CHAPTER 7 PROBABILITY AND SAMPLES: THE DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
200
24
7.1 Overview
201
1
7.2 The Distribution of Sample Means
202
6
7.3 Probability and the Distribution of Sample Means
208
3
7.4 More About Standard Error
211
7
Summary
218
1
Focus on Problem Solving
219
1
Demonstration 7.1
220
1
Problems
221
3
TIME OUT #2
224
1
CHAPTER 8 INTRODUCTION TO HYPOTHESIS TESTING
225
40
8.1 Overview
226
1
8.2 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing
227
7
8.3 Evaluating Hypothesis
234
12
8.4 Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesis Tests
246
4
8.5 Statistical Power
250
5
8.6 The General Elements of Hypothesis Testing: A Review
255
3
Summary
258
1
Focus on Problem Solving
259
1
Demonstration 8.1
260
2
Problems
262
3
CHAPTER 9 INTRODUCTION TO THE t-STATISTIC
265
22
9.1 Overview
266
1
9.2 The t Statistic--A Substitute for z
267
5
9.3 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic
272
8
Summary
280
1
Focus on Problem Solving
281
1
Demonstration 9.1
281
2
Problems
283
4
CHAPTER 10 HYPOTHESIS TESTS WITH TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES
287
25
10.1 Overview
288
1
10.2 The t Statistic for an Independent-Measures Research Design
289
6
10.3 Hypothesis Tests with the Independent-Measures t Statistic
295
8
10.4 Assumptions Underlaying the Independent-Measures t Formula
303
2
Summary
305
1
Focus on Problem Solving
305
1
Demonstration 10.1
306
2
Problems
308
4
CHAPTER 11 HYPOTHESIS TESTS WITH RELATED SAMPLES
312
25
11.1 Overview
314
1
11.2 The t Statistic for Related Samples
315
3
11.3 Hypothesis Tests for the Repeated-Measures Design
318
5
11.4 Hypothesis Testing with a Matched-Subjects Design
323
1
11.5 Uses and Assumptions for Related-Samples t Tests
324
6
Summary
330
1
Focus on Problem Solving
331
1
Demonstration 11.1
331
2
Problems
333
4
TIME OUT #3
337
2
CHAPTER 12 ESTIMATION
339
32
12.1 Overview
340
6
12.2 Estimation with z-scores
346
5
12.3 Estimation with the Single-Sample t Statistic
351
4
12.4 Estimation with the Independent-Measures t Statistic
355
4
12.5 Estimation with the Repeated-Measures t Statistic
359
3
12.6 Factors Affecting the Width of a Confidence Interval
362
1
Summary
362
1
Focus on Problem Solving
363
1
Demonstrations 12.1 and 12.2
363
5
Problems
368
3
CHAPTER 13 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
371
47
13.1 Introduction
373
4
13.2 The Logic of Analysis of Variance
377
4
13.3 ANOVA Vocabulary, Notation, and Formulas
381
8
13.4 The Distribution of F-Ratios
389
2
13.5 Examples of Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA
391
10
13.6 Post Hoc Tests
401
4
13.7 The Relationship Between ANOVA and t Tests
405
3
Summary
408
1
Focus on Problem Solving
409
1
Demonstration 13.1
410
3
Problems
413
5
CHAPTER 14 REPEATED-MEASURES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
418
31
14.1 Overview
419
1
14.2 The Logic of Repeated-Measures ANOVA
420
3
14.3 Notation and Formulas for Repeated-Measures ANOVA
423
8
14.4 Testing Hypotheses with the Repeated-Measures ANOVA
431
5
14.5 Advantages of the Repeated-Measures Design
436
1
14.6 Assumptions of the Repeated-Measures ANOVA
437
2
Summary
439
1
Focus on Problem Solving
440
1
Demonstration 14.1
441
3
Problems
444
5
CHAPTER 15 TWO-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (INDEPENDENT MEASURES)
449
49
15.1 Overview
450
2
15.2 Main Effects and Interactions
452
8
15.3 Notation and Formulas
460
12
15.4 Examples of the Two-Factor ANOVA
472
12
15.5 Assumptions for the Two-Factor ANOVA
484
1
Summary
485
1
Focus on Problem Solving
485
1
Demonstration 15.1
486
6
Problems
492
6
TIME OUT #4
498
1
CHAPTER 16 CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
499
47
16.1 Overview
500
5
16.2 The Pearson Correlation
505
5
16.3 Understanding and Interpreting the Pearson Correlation
510
4
16.4 Hypothesis Tests with the Pearson Correlation
514
5
16.5 Other Measures of Relationship
519
5
16.6 Introduction to Regression
524
13
Summary
537
1
Focus on Problem Solving
538
1
Demonstration 16.1
539
2
Problems
541
5
CHAPTER 17 THE CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC: TESTS FOR GOODNESS OF FIT AND INDEPENDENCE
546
38
17.1 Overview: Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Tests
547
1
17.2 The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit
548
11
17.3 The Chi-Square Test for Independence
559
11
17.4 Assumptions and Restrictions for Chi-Square Tests
570
1
17.5 Special Applications of the Chi-Square Tests
570
6
Summary
576
1
Focus on Problem Solving
577
1
Demonstration 17.1
577
3
Problems
580
4
CHAPTER 18 THE BINOMIAL TEST
584
15
18.1 Overview
585
1
18.2 Logic and Formulas for the Binomial Test
586
1
18.3 The Binomial Test
587
3
18.4 The Relation between Chi-Square and the Binomial Test
590
1
18.5 The Sign Test
591
3
Summary
594
1
Focus on Problem Solving
595
1
Demonstration 18.1
595
1
Problems
596
3
CHAPTER 19 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ORDINAL DATA: MANN-WHITNEY AND WILCOXON TESTS AND SPEARMAN CORRELATION
599
19.1 Data From An Ordinal Scale
601
2
19.2 The Mann-Whitney U-Test
603
8
19.3 The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test
611
5
19.4 The Spearman Correlation
616
5
Summary
621
1
Focus on Problem Solving
622
1
Demonstrations 19.1, 19.2, and 19.3
623
4
Problems
627
APPENDIX A BASIC MATHEMATICS REVIEW
A-1
23
APPENDIX B STATISTICAL TABLES
A-24
14
APPENDIX C SOLUTIONS FOR ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS IN THE TEXT
A-38
19
STATISTICS ORGANIZER
A-57
13
REFERENCES
A-70
2
INDEX
A-72