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Tables of Contents for Working With Words
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
ix
Chapter 1 The Basics of Grammar
1
9
The Value of Grammar
1
3
Talking vs. Writing
1
1
Conventions of Grammar and Usage
2
1
Why Traditional Grammar?
3
1
Grammar and Confidence
4
1
An Overview of Grammar Terminology
4
6
The Eight Parts of Speech
5
1
Verbals
6
1
Parts of a Sentence
6
3
Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
9
1
Chapter 2 Subjects and Objects: Nouns, Pronouns and Gerunds
10
13
Noun and Pronoun Forms
10
4
Number
10
1
Gender
11
1
Person
12
1
Case
12
2
Uses and Misuses of Nouns
14
3
Common Nouns vs. Proper Nouns
14
2
Abstract Nouns vs. Concrete Nouns
16
1
Collective Nouns and Uncountable Nouns
16
1
Compound Nouns
16
1
Verbal Nouns: Gerunds and Infinitives
17
1
Pronoun Case
17
3
Nominative Case
17
1
Objective Case
18
1
Possessive Case
18
1
Some Tricky Cases of Case
18
1
Who vs. Whom, Whoever vs. Whomever
19
1
Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns
20
1
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
20
2
Clear Reference
20
1
Person, Gender and Number
21
1
Gerunds
22
1
Chapter 3 Verbs
23
20
Helping Verbs vs. Main Verbs
23
1
Person
24
1
Number
24
1
Subject-Verb Agreement
24
5
Subject and Predicate Nominative in Disagreement
25
1
Nouns or Pronouns Between the Subject and the Verb
25
1
Subjects Following Verbs
25
1
Collective Nouns vs. Uncountable Nouns
26
1
Other Problems With Nouns
27
1
Indefinite Pronouns
27
1
Relative Pronouns
28
1
Prepositional Phrases
28
1
Conjunctions
29
1
Tense
29
4
Forming the Tenses
30
1
Regular vs. Irregular Verbs
31
1
Sequence of Tenses
32
1
Tone
33
1
Voice
34
2
Mood
36
3
Indicative Mood
36
1
Imperative Mood
36
1
Conditional Mood
36
1
Subjunctive Mood
37
2
Transitiveness vs. Intransitiveness
39
1
Two More Issues With Verbs
40
1
Inconsistency
40
1
Nouns Used as Verbs
41
1
Verbals
41
2
Gerunds
41
1
Participles
41
1
Infinitives
42
1
Chapter 4 Modifiers: Adjectives, Adverbs, Participles and Interjections
43
11
Comparative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs
43
2
Adjectives vs. Adverbs
45
1
Coordinate Adjectives vs. Compound Modifiers
46
1
Articles
47
1
Sentence Adverbs
48
1
Participles
49
1
Dangling Participles and Other Misplaced Modifiers
49
2
Adverb Placement
51
1
Double Negatives
52
1
Interjections
52
2
Chapter 5 Connecting Words: Prepositions, Conjunctions, Conjunctive Adverbs and Relative Pronouns
54
7
Prepositions
54
1
Uses and Misuses of Prepositions
55
2
At the End of a Sentence
55
1
Parallel Prepositions
55
1
Separating Proper Nouns
56
1
Prepositions as Part of the Verb
56
1
Conjunctions
57
1
Coordinate Conjunctions
57
1
Correlative Conjunctions
57
1
Subordinate Conjunctions
58
1
Conjunctive Adverbs
58
1
Relative Pronouns
59
2
The Antecedent
59
1
Restrictiveness
59
1
Case
60
1
Chapter 6 Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
61
9
Phrases
61
1
Clauses
62
1
Independent Clauses
62
1
Dependent Clauses
62
1
Restrictive vs. Nonrestrictive
63
1
That vs. Which
64
1
Sentences
64
3
Sentences Classified by Function
65
1
Sentences Classified by Form
65
1
Sentences Classified by Style
66
1
Common Sentence Problems
67
3
Fragments
67
1
Fused Sentences
67
1
Comma-splice Sentences
68
1
Run-on Sentences
68
1
Lack of Parallelism
68
2
Chapter 7 Punctuation
70
13
Periods, Exclamation Points and Question Marks
70
1
Commas
71
5
Always Use a Comma
71
3
Never Use a Comma
74
1
Possibly Use a Comma
75
1
Semicolons
76
1
Colons
76
1
Dashes
77
1
Parentheses
78
1
Ellipses
79
1
Quotation Marks
79
2
Hyphens
81
1
Apostrophes
81
1
Slashes
82
1
Chapter 8 Tight Writing
83
43
Journalism vs. Creative Writing
84
1
Keys to Good Journalistic Writing
85
1
Being Clear
86
4
Unanswered Questions
86
1
Specifics
87
1
Awkward Constructions
88
1
Math and Clarity
88
2
Readability Formulas as Measures of Clarity
90
1
Being Correct
90
5
What Is Objectivity?
91
1
Objectivity Guidelines
92
3
Being Concise
95
3
What to Tighten A-Z
98
28
Chapter 9 Muddled Language
126
57
Misused Words and Mistaken Phrases
126
9
Confused Words
135
48
Chapter 10 Sexism, Racism and Other "-isms"
183
27
Shift Happened
185
2
A Brief History of "-isms"
187
1
Future Realities: More Language Transformation Coming
187
1
Dealing With Reality
188
3
Sexism
188
1
Racism
189
1
Ageism
190
1
Other Stereotyping
191
1
The Non-Bias Rule
191
1
Symbolic Annihilation
192
1
Avoiding Sexist Terminology
193
1
Today's Stereotypes and Preferred Action
194
16
Chapter 11 Writing News for Broadcast, Writing News for Print
210
25
General Comparisons Between Writing News for Print and for Broadcast
211
5
Do Broadcasters Have to Know Grammar?
216
1
Newswriting Leads in Print and Broadcast
217
1
How to Pick the Best Angle for the Story
217
2
The Print Hard-News Lead Formula
219
4
The Broadcast Hard-News Lead
223
3
Problems With Hard-News Leads in Print and Broadcast
226
2
Soft-News Leads
228
1
Problems With Soft-News Leads in Print and Broadcast -- Stop Me If You've Heard This Story
229
2
What Comes After the Lead in Print and Broadcast?
231
4
Appendix A Spelling
235
26
Spelling Rules
235
7
Words Often Misspelled
237
5
Hyphenation as a Spelling Problem
242
19
Rules for Hyphenation
242
2
Looking Up Words for Hyphenation
244
1
One Word, Two Words or Hyphenated?
244
17
Appendix B Wire-Service Style Summary
261
7
Abbreviations and Acronyms
261
3
Capitalization
264
2
Numerals
266
2
Appendix C Broadcast Style Summary
268
4
Preparing Your Manuscript for Radio
268
1
Preparing Your Manuscript for Television
268
1
Editing Symbols and Others
269
1
Pronunciation
269
1
Abbreviations
270
1
Numbers
270
1
Punctuation
271
1
Names
271
1
Spelling
271
1
Appendix D A Summary of Common Mistakes
272
6
Bibliography
278
4
Index
282