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Tables of Contents for Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Executive Summary
1
10
Introduction
11
11
Important Terms
13
3
No Net Loss and the Section 404 Program
16
4
The Committee's Task
20
2
Outcomes of Wetland Restoration and Creation
22
24
Introduction
22
5
Five Wetland Functions
27
8
Factors That Contribute to the Performance of Mitigation Sites
35
10
Recommendations
45
1
Watershed Setting
46
14
Watershed Organization and Landscape Function
46
1
Wetland Function and Position in the Watershed
47
10
Watershed-Scale Patterns of Wetland Losses
57
1
A Watershed Template for Wetland Restoration and Conservation
58
1
Conclusions
59
1
Recommendations
59
1
Wetland Permitting: History and Overview
60
22
Evolution of Compensatory Mitigation Requirements in the CWA Section 404 Program
60
1
General Mitigation Requirements
61
2
General Corps Mitigation Requirements
63
1
CWA Section 404 Mitigation Requirements
64
3
Mitigation Banking
67
2
In-Lieu Fees
69
1
The Clean Water Act and the Goal of No Net Loss
70
3
Section 404 Permit Process
73
7
Inspection and Enforcement
80
2
Compensatory Mitigation Mechanisms Under Section 404
82
12
Location of the Compensatory Mitigation Action
83
3
Legal Responsibility for the Mitigation
86
2
Relationship of Mitigation Actions to Permitted Activities (Timing)
88
3
The MBRT Process
91
1
Stewardship Requirements
91
1
A Taxonomy
92
1
Recommendation
93
1
Mitigation Compliance
94
29
Mitigation Planning
95
2
Mitigation Design Standards
97
4
Project Implementation
101
2
Compliance with Permit Conditions
103
5
Mitigation Ratios
108
2
Monitoring of Mitigation Projects
110
2
Monitoring Duration
112
1
The Compliance Record
113
8
Conclusions
121
1
Recommendations
122
1
Technical Approaches Toward Achieving No Net Loss
123
15
Operational Guidelines for Creating or Restoring Wetlands That Are Ecologically Self-Sustaining
123
5
Wetland Functional Assessment
128
1
The Floristic Approach
129
2
Habitat Evaluation Procedures and the Hydrogeomorphic Approach
131
1
HGM as a Functional Assessment Procedure
132
4
Recommendations
136
2
Institutional Reforms for Enhancing Compensatory Mitigation
138
31
Introduction
138
2
A Watershed-Based Approach to Compensatory Mitigation
140
9
Improvements in Permittee-Responsible Mitigation
149
5
Expectations for the Regulatory Agency
154
6
Third-Party Mitigation
160
5
Support for Increased State Responsibilities
165
1
Recommendations
166
3
REFERENCES
169
130
APPENDIXES
A Survey of Studies: Comparison of Mitigation and Natural Wetlands
189
10
B Case Studies
199
12
Everglades National Park
199
2
Coyote Creek Mitigation Site
201
7
North Carolina Wetland Restoration Program
208
3
C Analyses of Soil, Plant, and Animal Communities for Mitigation Sites Compared With Reference Sites
211
6
D California Department of Fish and Game, South Coast Region; Guidelines for Wetland Mitigation
217
2
E Examples of Performance Standards for Wetland Creation and Restoration in Section 404 Permits and an Approach to Developing Performance Standards
219
15
F Memorandum for Commanders, Major Subordinate Commands, and District Commands, April 8, 1999
234
5
G Army Corps of Engineers Standard Operating Procedures for the Regulatory Program
239
46
H Selected Attributes of 40 Common Wetland Functional Assessment Procedures
285
7
I Function, Factors, and Values Considered in Section 404 Permit Reviews
292
2
J Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
294
5
Glossary
299
6
Index
305