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Tables of Contents for A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Executive Summary
1
20
PART I---OVERVIEW
Introduction
21
8
History
22
1
Gravity and Low Gravity
23
2
Gravity, Microgravity, and Weightlessness
23
1
Direct and Indirect Effects of Microgravity
24
1
References
25
4
PART II---PHYSIOLOGY, GRAVITY, AND SPACE
Cell Biology
29
8
Introduction
29
2
Previous Cell Biological Research in Space
31
2
Opportunities for NASA-supported Research in Cell Biology
33
2
Mechanisms of Cellular Response to Mechanical Force
33
1
Cellular Response to Environmental Stress
34
1
Development of Advanced Instrumentation and Methodologies
34
1
References
35
2
Developmental Biology
37
12
Introduction
37
1
Progress in Developmental Biology
38
2
Developmental Genetics
38
1
Molecular Conservation
38
1
Genome Sequencing Project
39
1
Major Issues in Space Developmental Biology
40
5
Complete Life Cycles in Microgravity
40
1
Development of the Vestibular System
41
1
Neural Space Maps
42
1
Neuroplasticity
43
2
References
45
4
Plants, Gravity, and Space
49
14
Introduction
49
1
Space Horticulture
49
3
Reasons for Studies on Space Horticulture
49
1
Accomplishments
50
1
Future Directions
51
1
Role of Gravity in Plant Processes
52
3
Scientific Problems
52
1
Accomplishments
53
1
Future Directions
54
1
Response of Plants to a Change in the Direction of the Gravity Vector
55
5
Known Responses
55
1
Gravitropism
55
5
Gravitaxis
60
1
Effects of Gravity-induced Tissue Stresses on Plant Development
60
1
References
60
3
Sensorimotor Integration
63
17
Introduction
63
1
Spatial Orientation
63
3
Posture and Locomotion
66
2
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes and Oculomotor Control
68
2
Vestibular Processing During Microgravity
70
1
Space Motion Sickness
71
2
Central Nervous System Reorganization
73
1
Teleoperation and Telepresence
73
1
General Strategic Issues
74
1
References
74
6
Bone Physiology
80
17
Introduction
80
1
Bone Functions, Growth and Development, and Remodeling
80
4
Functions of Bone
80
1
Bone Growth and Development
81
1
Bone Remodeling: Hormonal Effects
82
2
Mechanical Effects on Bone Remodeling
84
3
Clinical Observations and Human Experimentation
84
1
Animal Studies
85
1
Putative Mechanisms
86
1
Microgravity Effects on the Skeleton
87
6
Caveats
87
1
Human Studies
88
2
Animal Studies
90
2
Equipment Needs
92
1
References
93
4
Skeletal Muscle
97
21
Introduction
97
1
Background
98
2
Research Done on Muscle Biology
98
1
Previous Space- and Ground-based Research
99
1
Primary In-flight Changes
100
3
Simple Deconditioning and Adaptation
100
1
Pathological Alteration and Metabolic Adaptation
101
1
Contractile Physiology, Contractile Proteins, and Myofilaments
101
1
Preservation of Function During Atrophy
102
1
Reentry- and Reloading-induced Secondary Changes
103
3
Movements in Space and Upon Return to Earth
103
1
Compromised Microcirculation
103
1
Increased Susceptibility to Structural Damage
104
2
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
106
2
References
108
10
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems
118
14
Introduction
118
1
Cardiovascular Physiology in Microgravity
119
2
Pulmonary Physiology in Microgravity
121
2
Postflight Cardiovascular Physiology
123
1
In-flight Countermeasures
124
1
Future Directions
125
3
Cardiopulmonary Equipment
126
1
Research
127
1
References
128
4
Endocrinology
132
24
Introduction
132
1
Current Status of Research
133
2
Effects of Spaceflight on Humans
133
1
Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
133
2
Models
135
1
Energy Metabolism and Balance
136
1
Reproduction
137
1
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
138
2
Hormonal Systems and Changes
138
1
Models
139
1
Hematology
140
1
In-flight Observations
140
1
Models
141
1
Endocrine Aspects of Muscle Loss
141
3
Hormones Involved
142
2
Models
144
1
Bone
144
1
Circadian Rhythms
145
1
Gender
145
1
References
146
10
Immunology
156
15
Introduction
156
1
Spaceflight Experiments
157
5
Animal Studies
157
3
Human Studies
160
2
Cell Culture Studies
162
1
Ground-based Models of the Effects of Spaceflight on Immune Responses
162
1
References
163
8
PART III---ADDITIONAL SPACE ENVIRONMENT ISSUES
Radiation Hazards
171
23
Introduction
171
1
Statement of the Problem
172
2
Current Understanding of Biological Effects of Radiation
174
3
Types of Effects
174
1
Effects Induced by Protons and Heavy Ions
175
2
Priority Research Recommendations and Strategies
177
9
Higher-Priority Research Recommendations
177
5
Lower-Priority Research Recommendations
182
4
Time Scale of Research
186
1
Need for Animal Use
186
1
Experimental Techniques and New Data Required
186
4
Ground- versus Space-based Research
190
1
References
190
4
Behavioral Issues
194
37
Introduction
194
4
Program History
194
1
Statement of Goals
195
1
Definition and Assessment of Behavior and Performance in Space
195
1
Research in Analogue Environments
196
1
Integration of Research and Operations
197
1
Organizational Support of Research
197
1
Environmental Factors
198
3
Environmental Conditions Unique to Spaceflight
198
1
Environmental Conditions Common to Isolated, Confined Environments
199
2
Psychophysiological Issues
201
5
Circadian Rhythms and Sleep
201
2
The Psychophysiology of Emotion and Stress
203
1
Psychophysiological Measurement in Space
204
2
Individual Issues
206
7
Psychological Issues
206
4
Psychiatric Issues
210
1
Countermeasures
211
2
Interpersonal Issues
213
6
Crew Tension and Conflict
213
1
Crew Cohesion
214
1
Ground-Crew Interaction
215
1
Leadership Role
216
1
Countermeasures
216
3
Organizational Issues
219
3
Organizational Culture
219
1
Mission Duration
220
1
Management
220
2
References
222
9
PART IV---RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES
Setting Priorities in Research
231
6
Physiological and Psychological Effects of Spaceflight
232
3
Loss of Weight-bearing Bone and Muscle
232
1
Vestibular Function, the Vestibular Ocular Reflex, and Sensorimotor Integration
232
1
Orthostatic Intolerance Upon Return to Earth Gravity
233
1
Radiation Hazards
233
1
Physiological Effects of Stress
234
1
Psychological and Social Issues
234
1
Fundamental Gravitational Biology
235
2
Mechanisms of Graviperception and Gravitropism in Plants
235
1
Mechanisms of Graviperception in Animals
235
1
Effects of Spaceflight on Reproduction and Development
236
1
Programmatic and Policy Issues
237
35
Space-based Research
238
4
Criteria for Space Research
238
1
Development of Advanced Instrumentation and Methodologies
239
2
Utilization of the International Space Station for Life Sciences Research
241
1
Science Policy Issues
242
5
Peer Review
242
1
Integration of Research Activities
242
2
Human Flight Data: Collection and Access
244
1
Publication and Outreach
245
1
Professional Education
246
1
References
247
4
APPENDIXES
A Acronyms and Abbreviations
251
2
B Glossary
253
13
C Workshops
266
6
D Committee Biographies
272