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Tables of Contents for Tungsten
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
The Element Tungsten: Its Properties
Analogous to Atom Related Physical Properties
1
6
Nucleus
2
1
Electron Configuration
2
1
Spectra
3
3
Thermodynamic Functions
6
1
Bulk Tungsten Metal Related Physical Properties
7
35
Electronic Structure and Bonding
7
4
Structural Properties
11
5
Mechanical Properties
16
14
Thermal Properties
30
4
Electromagnetic Properties
34
2
Optical Properties
36
4
Electron Emission
40
2
Acoustic Properties
42
1
Chemical Properties of Tungsten Metal
42
19
General Remarks
42
4
Reactions with Nonmetals
46
1
Reactions with Metals
46
4
Reactions with Compounds
50
3
Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
53
2
Miscellaneous
55
1
Reactions with Organic Compounds
56
1
References for Chapter 1
56
5
Tungsten History: From Genesis to the 20th Century Products
The Formation of Tungsten Atoms
61
2
How Tungsten Atoms Came on Earth
63
1
Average Abundance
64
1
Geology: Formation of Ore Deposits
65
4
Minerals
69
1
Ore Deposits and Reserves
70
7
Early Discoveries of Ores, Compounds, and of the Element
77
2
Technically Important Discoveries
79
1
Industrial Evolution
80
5
References for Chapter 2
83
2
Important Aspects of Tungsten Chemistry
Oxidation of Tungsten Metal by Air or Oxygen
85
1
Reaction of Tungsten with Water
86
2
Reduction of Tungsten Oxides by Hydrogen
88
19
Introduction
88
1
Thermodynamic Considerations
89
2
Formation of a Volatile Tungsten Oxide Hydrate [WO2(OH)2]
91
1
Kinetic Considerations
91
12
Influence of Foreign Elements
103
4
Reduction of Tungsten Oxides by Carbon or Carbon-Containing Compounds
107
3
Reduction of Tungsten Halides
110
4
Introduction
110
1
Reduction of WF6
111
2
Reduction of WCl6 by Hydrogen
113
1
Reduction of WCl6 by Carbon-Containing Reagents
113
1
Reaction of Tungsten with Carbon or Carbon-Containing Compounds (Carburization)
114
5
Carburization of Tungsten Powder by Solid Carbon
115
3
Formation of Tungsten Carbides in Melts
118
1
Preparation of Coarse Tungsten Carbide Powder in an Auxiliary Melt
118
1
Preparation of Tungsten Carbide in Salt Melts
119
1
Chemistry of Aqueous Tungsten Solutions
119
4
Electrochemistry of Tungsten
123
10
Introduction
123
2
Cathode Reactions
125
1
Anodic Processes
125
1
Molten Salts
126
1
Practical Applications of Electrochemical Processes
126
1
Electrochromism
126
3
References for Chapter 3
129
4
Tungsten Compounds and Their Application
Tungsten and Metals: Intermetallic Compounds and Phases
133
1
Tungsten and Nonmetals
133
40
Tungsten and Boron
135
4
Tungsten and Carbon
139
4
Tungsten and Silicon
143
1
Tungsten and Nitrogen
143
1
Tungsten and Phosphorus
144
1
Tungsten and Arsenic
145
1
Tungsten and Oxygen
145
20
Tungsten and Sulfur
165
2
Tungsten and Selenium
167
1
Tungsten and Tellurium
167
1
Tungsten and Fluorine
167
2
Tungsten and Chlorine
169
2
Tungsten and Bromine
171
1
Tungsten and Iodine
172
1
Mixed Ligand and Coordination Compounds of Tungsten
173
3
Mixed Ligand Compounds
173
1
Coordination Compounds
174
2
Organometallic Tungsten Compounds
176
3
References for Chapter 4
176
3
Industrial Production
Mining and Ore Beneficiation
179
5
Mining
179
1
Ore Beneficiation
179
5
Hydrometallurgy
184
24
Introduction including Ecological and Economical Considerations
184
3
Raw Materials and Their Treatment
187
4
Digestion--Dissolution
191
3
Purification Steps
194
3
Conversion of Sodium to Ammonium Isopolytungstate Solution
197
4
Modern Methods in Chinese Plants
201
4
Ammonium Paratungstate Crystallization
205
3
The Highly Pure Intermediates
208
7
Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)
208
4
Tungsten Trioxide
212
1
Tungsten Blue Oxide (TBO)
212
2
Tungstic Acid
214
1
Ammonium Metatungstate (AMT)
214
1
Tungsten Metal Powder Production
215
16
General
215
6
Push-Type Furnace
221
2
Rotary Furnace
223
2
Tungsten Powder
225
4
Reduction of Doped Tungsten Oxides
229
2
Powder Metallurgy
231
13
Compacting
231
2
Sintering
233
6
Fabrication of Tungsten
239
5
Alternative Processes
244
1
Electron-Beam Zone Melting
244
1
Plasma Spraying
244
1
Chemical Vapor Deposition
244
1
Physical Vapor Deposition (Sputtering)
245
1
Special Tungsten Forms and Qualities
245
11
Globular Tungsten Powder
245
1
Coarse Tungsten Powder
245
1
Single Crystals
246
1
Tungsten Thin Films
246
1
Porous Tungsten
246
1
High-Purity Tungsten
247
3
References for Chapter 5
250
6
Tungsten Alloys
Substitutional Alloys (Solid-Solution Alloys)
256
3
Tungsten--Rhenium Alloys
256
2
Tungsten--Tantalum Alloys
258
1
Tungsten--Titanium Alloys
259
1
Dispersion-Strengthened and Precipitation-Hardening Alloys
259
11
Non-Sag Tungsten
259
7
Alloys with Oxide Dispersoids
266
2
Alloys with Carbide Dispersoids
268
2
Tungsten Composites
270
13
Tungsten Heavy Metal Alloys
270
6
Tungsten Copper and Tungsten Silver
276
2
Tungsten-Fiber-Reinforced Composites
278
3
References for Chapter 6
281
2
Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Products
Lighting Application
283
3
Electrical Engineering
286
3
Electronics
289
2
High-Temperature Technique
291
2
Welding, Cutting, Plasma Spraying, Spark Erosion, and Vapor Deposition
293
4
X-Rays, Radiation, Medical Engineering
297
1
Mechanical and Engine Engineering
298
2
Leisure Time and Sports Equipment
300
1
Chemical Industry and Metallurgy
301
1
Space Aviation
302
1
Military Applications
302
2
Aviation
304
1
Laser Technique
304
3
References for Chapter 7
305
2
Tungsten in Melting Metallurgy
Tungsten in Steel
307
10
Introduction
307
2
Master Alloys
309
3
Tungsten Alloyed Steels
312
5
Superalloys
317
1
Stellite Alloys
318
3
References for Chapter 8
320
1
Tungsten in Hardmetals
Introduction
321
3
Raw Materials
324
21
Tungsten Carbide Powder
324
19
Other Carbide Powders
343
1
Binder Metals
344
1
Other Materials
344
1
Hardmetal Production
345
8
Preparation of Powder Grades
345
3
Powder Consolidation
348
1
Sintering
348
3
Postsinter Treatments
351
2
Hardmetal Qualities and Applications
353
12
References for Chapter 9
362
3
Tungsten in Catalysis
Metallic Tungsten
365
1
Survey
365
1
Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation
365
1
Oxides
366
2
Survey
366
1
DENOX SCR Catalysts
366
2
Halides
368
1
Carbon Compounds
368
3
Survey
368
1
Preparation of Carbide Catalysts
369
1
WC
369
1
W2C
370
1
Tungsten Carbide Catalysts in Fischer--Tropsch Synthesis
371
1
Organotungsten Compounds: Catalysts in ROMP and ADMET
371
3
Tungstates
374
1
Chalkogenides
374
3
References for Chapter 10
374
3
Tungsten Scrap Recycling
Introduction and General Considerations
377
3
Tungsten Recycling Methods
380
7
Hydrometallurgy
380
1
Melting Metallurgy
381
1
Direct Recycling
381
3
Semidirect Recycling
384
1
References for Chapter 11
385
2
Ecology
Introduction
387
1
Mining and Ore Dressing
388
4
Chemical Conversion
392
2
Powder Metallurgy
394
1
Environmental Considerations about the Substitution of High Speed Steel by Hardmetals
394
1
References for Chapter 12
394
1
Economy
Introduction
395
1
World Mine Production
396
3
Price of Tungsten
399
2
Supply and Demand
401
2
Consumption and Use
403
3
The ``International Tungsten Industry Association'' (ITIA)
406
3
References for Chapter 13
407
2
Tungsten and Living Organisms
Introduction
409
1
Tungsten in Bacteria (Tungsten Enzymes)
410
2
Tungsten and Animals
412
1
Rats
412
1
Mice
412
1
Guinea Pigs
413
1
Rabbits
413
1
Tungsten and Humans
413
4
Important Data
413
1
Hardmetal Disease
413
1
Beneficial Influences
414
2
References for Chapter 14
416
1
Index
417