Preface

Hartmut Lehmann

part one The Scene

Contexts for Migration in the Early Modern World: Public Policy, European Migrating Experiences, Transatlantic Migration, and the Genesis of American Culture

Hermann Wellenreuther

historiography

society of estates and migration

idea and reality of governing and migration as protest movement

the migrants' knowledge, views, and alternatives

the migrants' range of experiences

migrants' prior experiences and ability to adjust to new conditions

migrants' world experiences and genesis of American culture

part two New Settlements in Europe

Huguenot Settlements in Central Europe

Thomas Klingebiel

exodus and Refuge

Huguenot immigration into German territories

settlement pattern and structure of refugee population

institutional pillars of German Refuge: congregation and Kolonie

acculturation and assimilation

The Salzburger Migration to Prussia: Causes and Choices

Mack Walker

the setting

necessary and sufficient causes

the religious dimensions

Prussian motives

migration and the migrants' role

results and consequences

causes again

German Religious Emigration to Russia in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: Three Case Studies

Andreas Gestrich

Russian immigration policies prior to 1763

the Hernhut Unity of Brethren in Sarepta

Mennonite settlements in New Russia

Chiliastic Pietists in Russia

conclusion

part three Bridging the Atlantic

The Spiritual Importance of the Eighteenth Century

Jon Butler

importance of eighteenth century

Pietism

revivalism in Great Britain

rediscovery of miracles

religion and medicine

millennialism

emergence of voluntary organizations

church-state relations

``African Spiritual Holocaust''

Catholic experience

the primacy of the eighteenth century

The Problem of the Eighteenth Century in Transatlantic Religious History

A. Gregg Roeber

folk religion as problem of the eighteenth century

three major interpretations: Bonomi, Butler, and Ward

defining Pietism and its influence

science, religion, and enlightenment

denominations' sense of history

denominations' perception of enemies

christianity in the postrevolutionary period

new historiographical trends and problems

Communication at Risk: The Beginnings of the Halle Correspondence with the Pennsylvania Lutherans

Thomas Muller-Bahlke

problem stated

``Kurtze Nachricht'' as example of function and Uses of Halle's communication system

the Pietist communication network

extending the network to North America

A. G. Francke's control of the network

H. M. Muhlenberg and transatlantic communication

problems caused by distance and length of time: the example of Andreae

founding a press in America

Halle's continuity of misunderstandings

Communication and Group Interaction Among German Migrants to Colonial Pennsylvania: The Case of Baden-Durlach

Mark Haberlein

netowrks of local, transatlantic, and overseas communication

kinship ties and village discourse

local authorities

communication between the Old and the New World

limits of transatlantic communication

communication in the New World: participation in the local and regional market economy, construction of country roads, use of colonial newspapers, establishment of church congregations

From the Rhine to the Delaware Valley: The Eighteenth-Century Transatlantic Trading Channels of Caspar Wistar

Rosalind J. Beiler

a transatlantic commercial partnership

a typical Philadelphia merchant's career

obstacles in German transatlantic commerce

land speculation and immigration

capital transactions and import of German merchandise

import of firearms made in Germany

glass production in the New World with glassmakers emigrating from the Old World

family members and immigrants as agents transporting German merchandise

ship captains, Newlanders, and transatlantic brokerage

part four Setting and Settlements in the New World

German Settlements in the British North American Colonies: A Patchwork of Cultural Assimilation and Persistence

Marianne S. Wokeck

the influence of settlement conditions on the formation of specific German communities

the German expatriate community

the voluntary nature of expatriation

the numerical insignificance of Germans in colonial America

selective ties between German settlements and their European lands of origin

the reception of Germans in the American colonies

settlement patterns and community formation

immigration patterns and the distribution of settlement

the importance of landed property

the impact of family structure and religious beliefs on social organization

political participation

overcoming the difficulties associated with starting life in a new country by means of gradual integration

Land, Population, and Labor: Lutheran Immigrants in Colonial Georgia

Renate Wilson

religious persecution, colonial policy, population reform, and commercial interests

main strands in the history of early German colonial settlement in North America

networks of eighteenth-century Protestant mission

taking root: abundance of land and deficiency of population

need for complaisant farm and wage labor

servants and farmers

which way lies growth? further immigration from Europe, introduction of slavery or abandonment of originally planned replication of Pietist institutions of reform

a question of bondage

new arrivals: a change in the immigrants' attitudes and expectations

German resignation to black slave labor

geographical expansion, land title, and ownership

a different type of town

``We Do Not Want to Introduce Anything New'': Transplanting the Communal Life from Herrnhut to the Upper Ohio Valley

Carola Wessel

Moravian way of life

transplantation to a different culture

adjustments to Moravian regulations (Statuten)

marriage

work

alcohol

war

language

reasons for Indian conversions

relation to Indians outside the congregations

end of the mission during the Revolutionary War

part five Modern Perceptions of Past Worlds

Recent Research on Migration

Hermann Wellenreuther

older research

lacunae in research on migration

general migration studies

Germany

Great Britain and Ireland

Scotland

Ireland

France

migration of social groups

young people

soldiers, merchants, nobility

emigration in and beyond Europe

immigration policy of rulers

private entrepreneurs as settlement promoters

research on acculturation

some conclusions

Transatlantic Migration, Transatlantic Networks, Transatlantic Transfer: Concluding Remarks

Hartmut Lehmann

new research on mass emigration

transatlantic networks

cross-national and cross-cultural comparison

German settlers in eighteenth-century America

second and third generations of German-Americans

transatlantic communication

Benjamin Franklin and Christopher Saur as rivals

Pennsylvania Germans

elite culture and popular culture

varieties of popular beliefs

Old World heritage and New World conditions

neighborhood relations

demographic patterns

testing macrohistorical hypotheses with the tool of microhistorical analysis

Contributors