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Tables of Contents for Gateway to Memory
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xi
Acknowledgments
xv
I Fundamentals
Introduction
3
8
Computational Models as Tools
3
2
Goals and Structure of This Book
5
6
The Hippocampus in Learning and Memory
11
32
Introduction
11
3
Human Memory and the Medical Temporal Lobes
14
10
Medial Temporal Lobe Damage and Memory Loss
14
3
Anterograde Versus Retrograde Amnesia
17
4
Preserved Learning in Amnesia
21
3
Animal Learning Studies of Hippocampal Function
24
7
Episodic Memory in Animals
26
2
Spatial Navigation and the Hippocampus
28
3
Importance of Well-Characterized Learning Behaviors
31
1
Classical Conditioning and the Hippocampus
31
9
Hippocampal Lesions and Simple Conditioning
34
2
The Hippocampus and Complex Conditioning
36
4
Is a Unified Theory of Hippocampal Function in Learning Possible?
40
3
Summary
41
2
Association in Neural Networks
43
38
What is a Neural Network?
44
7
Neurons and Information Processing in the Brain
44
3
Information Processing in Neural Network Models
47
2
Application of Network Models to Motor-Reflex Conditioning
49
2
Neural Network Models of Learning
51
10
The Widrow-Hoff Learning Rule
52
9
Relationship to Animal Learning
61
14
The Blocking Effect
62
3
The Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning
65
3
Broad Implications of the Rescorla-Wagner Model
68
1
Error-Correction Learning and the Brain
69
6
Limitations of Error-Correction Learning
75
6
Sensory Preconditioning
75
1
Latent Inhibition
76
2
Implications of the Limitations of Error-Correction Learning
78
1
Summary
79
2
Representation and Generalization in Neural Networks
81
30
Representation and Generalization
82
4
Generalization in One-Layer Networks
84
2
Two Challenges for Generalization in Networks
86
1
When Similar Stimuli Map to Similar Outcomes
86
8
Application of Distributed Representations to Learning
87
3
Stimulus Generalization and Distributed Representations in Multilayer Networks
90
1
Integrating Distributed Representations with Error-Correction Learning
91
3
The Limits of Similarity-Based Generalization
94
1
When Similar Stimuli Map to Different Outcomes
94
17
Multilayered Networks and Configuration
97
2
Configuration and Combinatorial Explosion
99
3
Learning New Representations in Multilayer Networks
102
3
Computational Limitations of Backpropagation
105
4
Psychological and Biological Validity of Backpropagation
109
1
Summary
110
1
Unsupervised Learning: Autoassociative Networks and the Hippocampus
111
34
Autoassociative Networks
114
3
Hippocampal Anatomy and Autoassociation
117
7
Storage Versus Retrieval
120
2
Capacity, Consolidation, and Catastrophic Interference
122
2
Autoencoders: Autoassociation with Representation
124
15
A New Interpretation of Autoassociators
124
4
Autoencoders: Multilayer Autoassociators
128
1
Predictive Autoencoders
129
10
Interim Summary: Where Are We Now?
139
6
II Modeling Memory
Cortico-Hippocampal Interaction in Associative Learning
145
44
The Hippocampal Region and Adaptive Representations
146
19
The Cortico-Hippocampal Model
148
3
Representational Differentiation
151
6
Representational Compression
157
3
Limitations of the Cortico-Hippocampal Model
160
3
Neurophysiological Support for the Cortico-Hippocampal Model
163
2
Schmajuk and DiCarlo (S-D) Model
165
10
Comparison with Gluck and Myers's Cortico-Hippocampal Model
169
6
Relationship of Models to Qualitative Theories
175
6
Stimulus Configuration
175
2
Contextual Learning
177
1
Stimulus Selection
177
1
Intermediate-Term and Working Memory
178
2
Cognitive Mapping
180
1
``Flexible'' Memory
180
1
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders
181
8
Summary
184
2
Appendix 6.1 Simulation Details
186
3
Cortico-Hippocampal Interaction and Contextual Processing
189
26
Overview of Contextual Processing
189
4
Computational Models
193
14
Context as ``Just Another CS''
193
3
Combining the Associative and Occasion-Setting Properties of Context
196
9
Occasion-Setting Properties of Phasic Cues
205
2
Relationship of Computational Models to Qualitative Theories
207
4
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders
211
4
Summary
214
1
Stimulus Representation in Cortex
215
44
Cortical Representation and Plasticity
216
7
Computational Models
223
27
Competitive Learning and Topographic Maps
223
9
Piriform Cortex
232
5
Piriform-Hippocampal Interactions
237
4
Integrating Piriform Cortex with the Cortico-Hippocampal Model
241
9
Relationship of Computational Models to Qualitative Theories
250
4
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders
254
5
Summary
256
1
Appendix 8.1 Simulation Details
257
2
Entorhinal Cortex
259
46
Anatomy and Physiology of the Hippocampal Region
260
5
Computational Models
265
26
Entorhinal Cortex and Redundancy Compression
266
17
Stimulus Competition in Entorhinal Cortex
283
3
Backprojections from Entorhinal Cortex
286
5
Relationship to Qualitative Theories: Stimulus Buffering and Configuration
291
3
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders
294
11
Behavioral Measures of Hippocampal Atrophy
297
5
Entorhinal Versus Hippocampal Atrophy in AD
302
1
Summary
303
1
Appendix 9.1 Simulation Details
303
2
Cholinergic Modulation of Hippocampal-Region Function
305
40
Acetylcholine as a Neuromodulator
306
5
Neuromodulation
307
1
Acetylcholine (ACh) and Memory Function
308
3
Computational Models
311
23
Acetylcholine in the Hippocampal Autoassociator
311
7
Cholinergic Modulation of Cortico-Hippocampal Interaction
318
13
Who Modulates the Modulator?
331
3
Other Theories and Issues
334
4
Septohippocampal GABAergic Projections
334
2
Cholinergic Modulation in Cortex
336
2
Implications for Human Memory and Memory Disorders
338
7
Basal Forebrain Damage Following Cerebral Aneurysm
338
3
Cholinergic Depletion in Alzheimer's Disease
341
1
Summary
342
1
Appendix 10.1 Simulation Details
342
3
Emergent Themes
345
5
Hippocampal Function Can Best Be Understood in Terms of How the Hippocampus Interacts and Cooperates with the Functioning of Other Brain Systems
345
1
Partial Versus Complete Lesions May Differ in More Than Just Degree
345
2
Disrupting a Brain System Has Different Effects Than Removing It
347
1
Studies of the Simplest Forms of Animal Learning May Bootstrap Us Toward Understanding More Complex Aspects of Learning and Memory in Humans
347
1
Keep It Simple. Keep It Useful. Keep It Testable.
348
2
Keep It Simple
348
1
Keep It Useful
349
1
Keep It Testable
349
1
Conclusion
350
1
Glossary
351
22
Notes
373
18
References
391
32
Author Index
423
16
Subject Index
439