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Tables of Contents for Social Policy and Policymaking
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Tables
xvii
 
List of Figures
xix
 
Preface
xxiii
 
The Use of Terms and Data
xxv
 
Part I
1
50
Social Policy: An Introduction
3
18
The Policies That Concern Us
4
1
Policy Defined
4
2
Policymaking: The Role of the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive Branches of Government and the Power of the Public to Make Policy
6
1
Creating Statutes
7
2
Executive and Judiciary Branches
7
2
The Public-at-Large
9
1
Social Policy and Social Values
9
6
Social Values and Benefit-Conferring Policies
10
2
Selective and Universal Programs
12
2
Social Values and Civil Rights Policies
14
1
The Limits of Social Policy
15
3
Attainable and Unattainable Goals
15
1
Goals and Workable Interventions
16
1
Unintended Consequences
17
1
Summary
18
3
Social Workers and Social Policy: The Historical Context
21
12
Poverty in the Nineteenth Century
22
1
Benevolent Societies, the Charity Organization Movement, and the Friendly Visitor
23
3
The Progressive Era and Social Reform
23
1
Settlement Houses, the Progressive Era, and Social Reform
24
1
Settlement Houses and African Americans
25
1
Reform Through Legislation and the Courts
26
2
Dorothea Dix and the Care of the Insane
26
1
State Level Efforts
27
1
The Juvenile Court
28
1
The Beginning of Federal Involvement in Social Welfare
28
3
The End of the Settlement House Movement
29
1
The Emerging Profession of Social Work
30
1
The Schools of Social Work
30
1
Summary
31
2
Social Work and Social Policy: The Present Context
33
18
The Organization of Social Services
33
1
Public Agencies
34
1
Not-for-Profit Agencies
34
1
For-Profit Entities
35
1
Privatization
35
4
Privatization: Pro and Con
36
3
Forms of Privatization and Services Privatized
39
1
Policy and Practice
39
1
Professional Certification and Licensing
39
3
Confidentiality
42
2
Federal Statutes and Client Confidentiality
42
2
Disclosure of Confidential Information
44
1
Duty to Warn
45
3
Social Worker Liability and the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity
48
1
Summary
49
2
Part II
51
76
Social Welfare Policy in the Colonies and Early Nineteenth Century and the Discriminatory Treatment of Racial Minorities
53
16
Colonial America
53
2
The English Poor Law of 1601
53
1
American Revolution
54
1
Slavery
54
1
The Nineteenth Century
55
5
Abolition
56
1
Civil War
57
1
Reconstruction
58
1
Reconstruction Civil Rights Statutes
58
1
The Supreme Court
59
1
Immigration from China
60
1
Immigration from Japan
61
1
Internment of Japanese People
61
1
Citizenship
61
2
The Alien Land Law
62
1
Land Acquisition by the United States
63
1
Native Americans
64
2
Tribal Government
66
1
Summary
67
2
Issues, Problems, and Agenda Setting
69
22
Agenda Setting
70
1
The Media and Agenda Setting
70
2
Agenda Setting and the Use of Symbolic Devices
72
3
Stories
72
2
Metaphors and Numbers
74
1
The Resolution
75
1
Agenda Setting and Windows of Opportunity
75
1
Media Agenda Setting and Worthy Causes
76
4
Legislative Agenda Setting
78
2
Minority Agenda Setting
80
1
Minority Agenda Setting and the Voting Rights Act
81
1
Agenda Setting by the Executive Branch
81
2
The Public Role in Agenda Setting
83
2
Agenda Setting---The Courts
85
1
The Hierarchy of Courts
85
1
District Court Agenda Setting
85
1
Supreme Court Agenda Setting
86
2
Legalistic Concerns
87
1
Strategic Concerns
87
1
Summary
88
3
Policymaking
91
24
The Legislative Process
91
1
Introducing Legislation
91
2
Influences on Policymaking
93
5
Special Interest Groups
95
1
Think Tanks
95
1
Lobbying and Individual Action
96
2
The Executive Branch
98
1
Administrative Agencies and Administrative Law
98
2
The Delegation Doctrine
98
1
The Administrative Procedures Act
99
1
Judicial Review
100
1
Executive Orders
100
4
Authority for the Use of Executive Orders
101
1
Conditions for Use of the Executive Order
101
1
Ending Executive Orders
101
1
Policymaking by the Public-at-Large
102
1
Policymaking by the Judiciary
103
1
Sources of Judicial Authority
104
1
Institutional Reform Through Use of the Remedial Decree
104
2
Common Law Policymaking
106
1
Constitutional Interpretation
107
3
Changing Legal Precedent
108
2
Statutory Interpretation
110
2
Summary
112
3
The Federal Budget Process
115
12
Revenue Sources and Outlays
116
1
Sources of Funding for Social Policy and Programs
117
2
The Social Security Trust Fund
117
1
Financing Programs Through Federal and State Revenues
117
1
Funding for Civil Rights Legislation
118
1
Funding for Judicial Reform
119
1
The Budget Process: The Role of the Executive Branch
119
1
The Budget Process: The Role of Congress
120
3
Presidential Action
122
1
Budget Execution and Audit and Control
122
1
Federal Expenditures and the Federal Deficit
123
2
Balancing the Budget
125
1
Amending the Constitution to Achieve a Balanced Budget
125
1
The Line-Item Veto
125
1
Statutory Means to Reduce the Deficit
125
1
Summary
126
1
Part III
127
172
Poverty
129
22
Defining Poverty
131
2
Gathering Data to Determine How Many People Are Poor
133
4
Do Poverty Data Accurately Measure Poverty?
133
1
An Alternative Approach to Measuring Poverty
134
2
The Effect of Different Measures on Poverty Statistics
136
1
Census Bureau Definitions
137
1
Poverty Threshold and Number and Characteristics of People in Poverty
138
3
Education and Income
141
1
Family and Household Income
142
1
Income, Poverty, and Labor Force Participation
143
3
Race as a Factor
143
1
Family Workforce Participation as a Factor
144
1
Children in the Family
145
1
Job Loss and Poverty
145
1
Theories of Poverty
146
3
Culture of Poverty
146
1
Structural Poverty
147
2
Summary
149
2
Social Insurance
151
24
The Depression and the Role of the Federal Government
152
1
The Selling of Social Security
153
2
The Social Security Act
155
2
Title II: Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance
157
3
Source of Revenues and the Trust Funds
157
1
Benefits Are Progressive
158
1
Retirement Age, Continued Work, and Benefits
159
1
Taxation of Benefits
159
1
Social Security Benefits for Noncitizens
159
1
Disability
160
1
Periodic Review
160
1
Waiting Period
160
1
Incentives to Work
161
1
Status of the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Trust Funds
161
3
Problems in the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance System
161
2
Fixing the Problem
163
1
Unemployment Insurance: Basic Program Definition and Operation
164
4
Covered Workers and Beneficiaries
165
1
The Ready, Willing, and Able to Work Requirement
165
2
Exhausting Benefits
167
1
Problems in the Unemployment Insurance Program
168
1
Workers' Compensation
168
1
Earned Income Tax Credit
169
2
Summary
171
4
Programs of Public Assistance
175
40
Aid to Dependent Children and Efforts to Control Caseload Size
176
3
Welfare Reform and the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program
179
1
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Compared to Aid to Families with Dependent Children
180
3
Goals of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program
183
1
Program Operation
183
2
Participation in Work
184
1
Benefit Levels
185
5
State Discretion in Program Operation
189
1
Applying for Benefits
190
8
Strategies to Reduce Applications for Assistance-Diversion Programs
190
3
Strategies to Hasten a Family's Movement into the Workforce: Work First Programs
193
1
Incentive to Work
194
1
Welfare-to-Work Grants
194
2
Child Care and Development Block Grant
196
2
The Effects of Welfare Reform: What Do We Know?
198
4
Waiver Programs
199
1
Families Who Leave Welfare and Find Work
199
3
Issues in the Implementation of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
202
3
Supplemental Security Income
204
1
Characteristics of Recipients
205
2
Recipients and Eligibility Rules
205
1
Evaluation Process
205
2
Disability in Children
207
1
Continuing Disability Reviews
208
1
Supplemental Security Income, Medicaid, and Food Stamps
208
3
Incentives to Work
209
1
General Assistance
210
1
Summary
211
4
Food and Housing
215
30
Food Programs
216
1
Hunger in America
216
1
The Federal Response to Hunger
216
1
The Food Stamp Program
217
2
Number of Recipients and Declining Caseloads
217
2
Food Stamp Eligibility and Characteristics of Recipients
219
3
Food Stamps and Noncitizens
220
1
Food Stamp Benefit Level
221
1
Using Stamps
222
1
Participation in the Food Stamp and Other Programs
222
1
Food Stamp Work Requirements
222
2
Fraud and Abuse
223
1
Emergency Food Assistance Program
224
1
School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs
224
1
Child and Adult Care Food Program
225
1
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
225
1
Food for the Elderly
226
4
Housing
228
2
Housing Programs
230
4
The Home Investment Partnership Program
233
1
Federally Supported Home Ownership for Low-Income Families
233
1
Housing for the Frail Elderly and for People with Disabilities
234
1
Project-Based Housing and Rent Subsidies
234
2
Rental Subsidies
235
1
Housing Assistance for the Homeless
236
3
The Emergency Shelter Grant Program
237
1
The Single-Room Occupancy (SRO) Rehabilitation Program
237
1
Shelter Plus Care Program
237
1
Supportive Housing Program
237
2
Homeless Youth
239
1
Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS
239
1
Housing Assistance for Native Americans
240
1
Community Development
240
1
Shelters for Battered Women
241
1
Social Services and Housing
241
1
Summary
241
4
Health Policy
245
34
Medicare, Medicaid, and Children's Health Insurance
249
1
Medicare
249
6
Benefits
249
3
Services and Provider
252
1
Medicare Plus Choice Provider Plans
252
3
Medigap Insurance
255
1
Medicaid
255
4
Eligibility
256
1
Medicaid Reimbursement Rates
257
1
Services Provided
257
1
Long-Term Nursing Home Care
258
1
Children's Health
259
3
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic and Treatment Program
260
1
State Children's Health Insurance Program
260
1
Newborn and Mother's Health Protection Act of 1996
261
1
Other Policies Affecting Health
262
1
Title X Family Planning
262
1
The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
262
1
The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act
262
1
Indian Health Services
263
1
Patient Self-Determination Act
263
1
Civil Rights Policies and Access to Medical Care
264
1
Continuing Private Health Care Coverage
264
1
Mental Health Parity Act
265
1
Health Care Reform
265
1
Solvency
266
1
The Uninsured
267
1
The Aging of the American Population
267
3
Medical Technology and Health Care Costs
269
1
Managed Care
270
1
Regulation of Managed Care Programs
270
1
Health Care Options
271
4
Managed Competition
271
3
Single-Payer Systems
274
1
The Oregon Health Plan
274
1
Summary
275
4
Civil Rights
279
20
Events Leading Up to Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
280
1
Congressional Authority to Enact Civil Rights Legislation
280
2
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
282
1
Employment
283
9
Advancement Within a Firm
286
1
Affirmative Action
286
1
Justification for Affirmative Action---Compensation or Diversity?
287
2
What Kind of Affirmative Action Programs Are Legally Permissible?
289
1
Class-Based Affirmative Action
290
1
Sexual Orientation and Affirmative Action
291
1
Sexual Harassment
291
1
Title IX of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972
292
1
The Vocational Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act
292
3
Access to Services
294
1
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
295
1
Equal Pay Act
296
1
The Fair Housing Act
296
1
Summary
297
2
Part IV
299
62
Social Services
303
24
Title XX Social Services Block Grant
306
3
Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act
309
3
CARE Act Emergency Relief Grant Program
309
1
CARE Act Grants
310
1
CARE Act Early Intervention Services
311
1
Grants for Coordinated Services and Access to Research for Women, Infants, Children, and Youth
311
1
Special Project of National Significance
311
1
Use of CARE Act Funds
311
1
Mental Health and Substance Abuse
312
5
The Mental Health Problem
312
1
Deinstitutionalization
313
2
The Center for Mental Health Services
315
1
Mental Health Services and Managed Care
316
1
Mental Health Services for Children
316
1
Mental Health Advocacy
317
1
Substance Abuse
317
2
Special Services for Women
319
1
Domestic Violence and the Violence Against Women Act
319
3
Programs for the Elderly
322
1
The Older Americans Act
322
2
Summary
324
3
Child Welfare
327
16
The Courts and Child Welfare
328
1
The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
329
2
The Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act
331
2
Entry into Foster Care
332
1
The Goals of the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act and Protections for Children and Parents
332
1
Case Reviews
333
1
Adoption
333
2
Adoption Subsidies
334
1
Transracial Adoptions
334
1
The Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997
335
1
Model Adoption Laws
335
2
The Independent Living Initiatives
337
1
Abandoned Babies Assistance Act
337
1
The Indian Child Welfare Act
338
1
Data on Children Receiving Child Welfare Services
338
1
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program, Foster Care, and Child Support
339
2
Child Support Enforcement
339
1
Support Payments Are Unlikely to Prevent the Need for Foster Care
340
1
Summary
341
2
Education
343
18
Head Start
344
2
Children Served
344
1
Services Provided
344
1
Effectiveness of Head Start
345
1
The Migrant Education Program and Migrant Head Start
346
1
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
346
2
Education Language Proficiency
348
1
Homeless Children and the Stewart B. McKinney Act
348
2
The Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act
350
7
Definition of Disability
351
1
State Plans Required
352
1
Free Appropriate Public Education and the Individualized Education Plans
352
1
Development of the Individualized Education Plan
353
1
Related Services
354
1
Education in Public, Private, and Residential Settings
354
1
Mainstreaming
355
1
Procedural Safeguards
356
1
Special Grant Programs
357
1
Summary
357
4
Part V
361
32
Implementation
363
16
Scholarly Interest in the Subject of Implementation
364
2
The Legislative Role in Implementation
366
3
Funding
366
1
Limiting the Use of Funds to Achieve Political Ends
367
1
Statutory Language
367
1
System for Monitoring Implementation and Ongoing Practice
368
1
Senate Approval of Officials to Head Executive Agencies
368
1
The Right to Sue
369
1
Role of Administrative Agencies in Implementation
369
1
Role of the Courts in Implementation
370
2
Role of Program Administrators and Program Staff in Implementation
372
2
Communication
374
2
Summary
376
3
Policy Practice
379
14
Why Engage in Policy Practice?
380
1
The Tasks That Define Policy Practice
381
11
Understanding the Legislative Process
382
1
Learning About the Subject Matter of a Bill
383
1
Advocacy
383
2
Agenda Setting
385
1
Assessing the Feasibility of Change
385
1
Policy Analysis
386
3
Testifying
389
1
Lobbying
390
1
Public Demonstrations
390
1
Policy Impact
391
1
Summary
392
1
Guide to On-Line Research
393
4
Notes
397
58
Bibliography
455
18
Index
473