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Tables of Contents for Corrections
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Part 1 Punishment Philosophies and Penal Eras
1
126
Corrections and the Criminal Justice Process
1
30
Key Themes
2
10
The Historical Perspective
3
3
The International Perspective
6
2
Issues of Fairness
8
1
Fairness and Gender
8
2
Fairness and Race, Ethnicity and Social Class
10
2
Crime and Corrections
12
5
Crime Rates and Imprisonment Rates
14
2
Correctional Philosophy, Policy, and Imprisonment Rates
16
1
Corrections and the Criminal Justice System
17
11
Law
17
1
Criminal Law versus Civil Law
18
3
Substantive and Procedural Law
21
2
Crime Control versus Due Process
23
1
Felonies and Misdemeanors
23
2
Police and Courts
25
1
Corrections
26
2
Summary
28
1
Key Terms and Concepts
29
1
Discussion Questions
29
2
Philosophies of Punishment
31
30
Social Control
32
2
Sanctions
34
2
Sanction Direction
34
1
Sanction Styles
35
1
Sanction Types
35
1
Philosophies of Punishment
36
23
Deterrence
37
1
Specific Deterrence
38
1
General Deterrence
38
3
Incapacitation
41
1
Incapacitation through Imprisonment
41
2
Incapacitation through Technology
43
4
Rehabilitation
47
1
Rehabilitation as Reclamation
48
1
Rehabilitation as Reformation
49
1
Rehabilitation as Individualized Treatment
49
1
Criticism of Rehabilitation
50
1
Retribution
51
3
Restoration
54
1
Restoration and Compensation in Saudi Arabia
55
2
Contemporary Aspects of the Restoration Philosophy
57
1
Restorative Justice and the Balanced Approach
57
1
Restorative Justice and Discrimination
58
1
Summary
59
1
Key Terms and Concepts
60
1
Discussion Questions
60
1
Early Penal System Eras
61
32
Putting Philosophies into Practice
62
2
Wellspring Era (Middle Ages to 1800s)
64
11
Transportation
64
4
Hospice Facilities
68
1
Houses of Correction
69
1
John Howard and Reforms in England
70
1
Early U.S. Institutions
71
2
From Pillory to Penitentiary
73
2
Penitentiary Era (1800s to 1860s)
75
5
The Pennsylvania System
77
1
The Auburn System
78
2
Reformatory Era (1860s to 1900s)
80
4
The Irish System
80
1
Alexander Maconochie
81
1
Sir Walter Crofton
82
1
Zebulon Brockway and the Elmira Reformatory
82
1
Disillusionment
83
1
Prison Development in the South and West
84
5
Developments in the American South
84
3
Developments in the American West
87
2
Summary
89
1
Key Terms and Concepts
90
1
Discussion Questions
91
2
Modern Penal System Eras
93
34
Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Eras
95
1
Industrial Era (1900s to 1930s)
95
14
Types of Labor Systems
95
1
The Lease System
96
5
The Contract System
101
2
The Piece-Price System
103
1
The Public Account System
103
1
The State Use System
104
1
The Public Works and Ways System
105
1
Purposes of Prison Labor
105
1
Labor for Punishment
106
1
Labor for Profit
107
1
Labor for Rehabilitation
107
2
Rehabilitation Era (1930s to 1970s)
109
6
Launching the Rehabilitation Era
109
1
Progressive Reformers
109
1
American Prison Association
110
1
The Wickersham Commission
110
1
Federal Bureau of Prisons
111
1
The Medical Model
112
1
Classification
113
2
Retributive Era (1970s to Present)
115
7
Sources of the Retributive Era
115
1
Social Events
115
1
Political Events
116
2
Academic Events
118
2
A Convergence
120
1
Aspects and Impacts of the Retributive Era
120
1
Just Deserts in the Retributive Era
120
1
Deterrence in the Retributive Era
121
1
Next Up, the Restorative Era?
122
2
Possible Aspects of a Restorative Justice Era
123
1
Summary
124
1
Key Terms and Concepts
125
1
Discussion Questions
126
1
Part 2 Punishment Practices and Procedures
127
268
Sentencing
127
46
The Two Basic Sentencing Structures
128
4
Indeterminate Sentencing
129
2
Determinate Sentencing
131
1
Four Special Sentencing Practices
132
15
Sentencing Guidelines
132
7
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing
139
1
Truth in Sentencing
139
1
``Three Strikes and You're Out'' Laws
140
4
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances
144
1
Methods for Reducing Sentence Time
144
1
Jail Time
145
1
Good Time
145
2
Concurrent Sentencing
147
1
Sentence Types
147
23
Informal Sanctions: Compensation and Mediation Examples
148
2
African Countries
150
3
Japan
153
2
Germany
155
1
Mediation in the United States
156
5
Formal Sanctions: Fine and Day-Fine Examples
161
1
Fines in the United States
162
1
Day Fines in Europe
163
1
Day Fines in the United States
164
6
Summary
170
1
Key Terms and Concepts
171
1
Discussion Questions
171
2
Corporal and Capital Punishment
173
42
Physical Sanctions
174
1
Torture
175
2
Torture for Interrogation
175
1
Torture for Punishment
176
1
Corporal Punishment
177
7
Forms of Corporal Punishment
177
1
The Pillory and the Stocks
178
1
Branding
178
1
Whipping
179
1
Corporal Punishment in Contemporary Society
180
3
Corporal Punishment in Other Countries
183
1
Capital Punishment
184
29
Forms of Capital Punishment
184
1
Death by Natural Elements
184
1
Death by Animal and Insect
185
1
Death by Instrument
186
1
Concerns about Cruelty
186
4
Debating Capital Punishment
190
1
The Deterrence Debate
190
4
The Fairness Debate
194
6
The Retribution Debate
200
2
Capital Punishment in the United States Today
202
1
Statistics
202
1
Court Rulings
203
4
Public Opinion and the Death Penalty
207
1
Capital Punishment around the World
208
1
An International Overview
209
1
The Death Penalty in China
210
3
Summary
213
1
Key Terms and Concepts
213
1
Discussion Questions
214
1
Intermediate Sanctions
215
40
A Need for Alternative Sentences
217
1
Community Corrections
217
1
Probation
218
26
Forerunners to Probation
219
1
The Benefit of Clergy
219
1
Judicial Reprieve or Suspended Sentence
219
1
Recognizance
220
1
Massachusetts and the Origin of Probation
220
3
Probation Expands and Spreads
223
1
Probation in the United States
223
1
Probation in England
224
2
Probation around the World
226
1
Components of Probation
227
1
Investigation
227
2
Service
229
2
Sutveillance
231
5
Intensive Probation Supervision
236
1
Probation-Enhancement IPS
236
1
Prison-Diversion IPS
237
2
Release from Probation
239
1
Length of Probation
239
1
Successful Completion of Probation
240
1
Revocation of Probation
240
4
Community Service Orders
244
4
Site Development
245
1
Intake
246
1
Placement
247
1
Supervision
247
1
Termination
247
1
Restitution
248
1
Day Reporting Centers
249
3
Probation Centers in England and Wales
249
2
Day Reporting Centers in the United States
251
1
Summary
252
2
Key Terms and Concepts
254
1
Discussion Questions
254
1
Short-Term Confinement
255
50
Electronic Monitoring
257
3
The Technology
257
3
Philosophical, Administrative, and Legal Issues
260
3
Who Should Be Placed on EM?
260
1
The Potential for Net-Widening
260
1
The Potential for Discrimination
260
1
Legal Issues Related to EM
261
1
EM Today and Tomorrow
262
1
Home Confinement
263
4
Advantages of Home Confinement
264
1
Disadvantages of Home Confinement
265
2
Jails: The Detention Function
267
10
Pretrial Release
267
1
Financial Types of Pretrial Release
267
2
Nonfinancial Types of Pretrial Release
269
1
Pretrial Service Programs
270
1
Behavior of Pretrial Release Defendants
270
2
Pretrial Detention
272
1
Pretrial Detention Facilities
272
2
Jails Today
274
1
Reason for Pretrial Detention
275
1
Some Impacts of Pretrial Detention
276
1
Jails: The Confinement Function
277
14
Contemporary Issues for Jails
278
1
Factors Affecting the Growing Jail Population
278
1
Characteristics of the Jail Population
279
3
Jail Management and the Female Offender
282
1
Jail Management and Issues of Safety and Security
283
2
New Generation Jails
285
1
The Philosophy Underlying New Generation Jails
286
2
The Importance of Inmate Supervision
288
1
Evaluations of the New Generation Approach
289
2
Shock Incarceration and Boot Camps
291
8
The History and Current Status of Boot Camps
293
1
Boot Camp Selection and Discharge
293
1
The Structure of Boot Camps
294
1
Program Eligibility
294
1
Program Characteristics
295
1
Boot Camp Problems
295
3
New Generation Boot Camps
298
1
Residential Community Corrections Facilities
299
2
Evaluation of Residential Community Corrections
300
1
Summary
301
1
Key Terms and Concepts
302
1
Discussion Questions
302
3
Long-Term Confinement
305
44
The Dual Prisons System
306
14
Problems in Counting Prisoners
306
1
Characteristics of State and Federal Prisoners
307
2
Federal Prisoners
309
1
Female Federal Offenders
309
3
Characteristics of State and Federal Prisons
312
1
State Facilities
312
6
Federal Prisons
318
2
Social Structure and Interaction in Prison
320
12
Social Structure and Interaction in Men's Prisons
322
1
Structure of Inmate Leaders
323
1
Structure of Factions and Prison Gangs
324
3
Doing Gang Time in Today's Prisons
327
1
Social Structure and Interaction in Women's Prisons
328
2
Explanations for Prison Subculture
330
2
Sex and Violence in Prison
332
12
Sex in Prison
332
1
Sexual Behavior and Male Prisoners
333
1
Sexual Behavior and Female Prisoners
334
2
Personal Violence in Prisons
336
1
Violence in Men's Prisons
337
1
Violence in Women's Prisons
337
2
Riots: Collective Violence in Prisons
339
1
The Outbreak Stage
340
2
The Organization Stage
342
1
The Confrontation Stage
342
1
The Termination Stage
343
1
The Reaction Stage
343
1
Managing Violence
343
1
Imprisonment in Other Countries
344
2
Imprisonment around the World
345
1
Race, Ethnicity Nationality, and Imprisonment
345
1
Summary
346
1
Key Terms and Concepts
347
1
Discussion Questions
347
2
Institutional Management and Programs
349
46
Organizational Structure
351
1
Correctional Officers
352
5
From Watchman to Correctional Officer
352
2
Female Correctional Officers
354
1
Acceptance of Female COs
355
1
Is Safety Compromised with Female COs?
355
1
Assigned Duties and Job Performance
356
1
Treatment Staff and Programs
357
10
Treatment Staff
357
1
Classification
358
1
Objectivity in Classification
359
1
Classification for Management
360
1
Classification for Treatment
360
2
Treatment Programs
362
1
Religion
362
1
Academic and Vocational Programs
363
1
Recreation
364
2
Self-Betterment
366
1
Managing Prison Industries
367
8
Benefits of Prison Labor to the Prisoner
369
1
Benefits of Prison Labor to the State
370
3
Prison Labor and the Private Sector
373
2
Managing Prison Gangs
375
3
Managing Special-Needs Inmates
378
9
Inmates with Mental or Physical Disabilities
378
1
Inmates with Infectious Diseases
379
1
Testing for HIV
380
1
Handling of Inmates with HIV or AIDS
380
2
Elderly Inmates
382
1
Who's Old?
383
1
Physical Needs of Elderly Prisoners
384
1
Social/Psychological Needs of Elderly Prisoners
385
1
Geriatric Prisons
386
1
Privatization of Corrections
387
6
Privatization in the United States Today
389
1
Issues Raised by Privatization
390
1
The Propriety of Privatization
390
1
Privatization as Innovation
390
3
Summary
393
1
Key Terms and Concepts
394
1
Discussion Questions
394
1
Part 3 Contemporary Issues
395
194
Responding to the Female Offender
395
38
Social Responses to Female Offenders
399
8
The Neglect Response
399
1
The Differential Response
400
4
The Equalization Response
404
1
Calls for a New Model-The Female-Oriented Response
405
2
Explaining Changes in Society's Reaction to Female Offenders
407
1
The Impact of Sentencing Policies
408
1
Female Offenders in Prison
409
10
Facilities for Women Prisoners
410
1
Characteristics of Women Prisoners
411
1
Classification Issues and Women Prisoners
412
3
Programs for Women Prisoners
415
1
Health Care Programs
416
3
Female Offenders and Community-Based Corrections
419
5
Project Met
420
1
Programs for Drug-Abusing Female Offenders
421
3
Responding to Female Offenders in Other Countries
424
6
Problems Attributed to the Small Numbers of Women Prisoners
425
2
Needs and Problems of Women Prisoners
427
3
Summary
430
2
Key Terms and Concepts
432
1
Discussion Questions
432
1
Responding to the Juvenile Offender
433
38
The Juvenile Justice System
435
10
Nineteenth-Century Responses to Juveniles
435
2
Establishing a Juvenile Court
437
2
Due Process and Juveniles
439
2
The Role of Today's Juvenile Court
441
2
Transferring Juveniles to Criminal Court
443
2
Processing Juvenile Offenders
445
6
Delinquency Cases
447
1
Status Offense Cases
448
2
Detention
450
1
Institution-Based Responses
451
9
Boot Camp Programs
454
1
Educational Programs
455
1
The Search for Effective Programs
455
2
A Reading and Writing Program
457
1
Programs for Serious and Violent Offenders
457
3
Community-Based Responses
460
6
Adolescent Sex Offenses
460
1
Juvenile Gang Offenders
461
1
Specialized Gang Supervision Program
462
2
Parole Branch Services of the California Youth Authority
464
1
Response by Enforcement or Correction?
464
1
Juvenile Violence and the Drug-Crime Connection
465
1
Where Do We Go from Here?
466
1
Summary
467
1
Key Terms and Concepts
468
1
Discussion Questions
469
2
Release and Postinstitutional Penalties
471
42
Unconditional Release from Prison
473
3
Expiration of Sentence
473
1
Commutation and Pardon
474
2
Conditional Release from Prison
476
5
Forerunners to Parole
477
2
A History of Parole in the United States
479
2
The Contemporary Parole Process
481
13
Deciding Parole
481
1
Eligibility for Parole
481
1
Granting Parole
482
5
Parole Conditions and Parole Officers
487
4
Parole Completion and Revocation
491
2
Criticism of Parole
493
1
Reintegration Programs
494
5
Furlough
495
1
Work and Education Release
495
2
Residential Community Corrections
497
2
Loss and Restoration of Civil Rights
499
7
Civil Disabilities after Release
500
4
Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws
504
2
Conditional Release in Other Countries
506
3
Conditional Release in Canada
506
2
Conditional Release in Asia and the Pacific
508
1
Summary
509
1
Key Terms and Concepts
510
1
Discussion Questions
511
2
Prisoners' and Victims' Rights
513
40
Rights of Prisoners
516
10
Judicial Involvement in Prison Administration
516
1
The Hands-Off Doctrine
516
2
The Intervention Doctrine
518
2
The Nominal Doctrine
520
1
Sources of Prisoners' Rights
520
1
The U.S. Constitution
520
1
The Eighth Amendment
521
1
Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process
522
2
Fourteenth Amendment: Equal Protection
524
1
The Civil Rights Act
525
1
A Sampling of Prisoners' Rights Issues
526
14
Access to the Courts
527
1
Prison Litigation Reform Act
528
1
Providing Inmates with Legal Assistance
528
2
Issues of Religion
530
1
Restrictions Based on Maintenance of Discipline or Security
531
1
Restrictions Based on the Exercise of Authority and Official Discretion
532
2
Restrictions Based on Economic Considerations
534
1
Religious Freedom Restoration Act
534
1
Issues of Privacy
535
1
Search and Seizures of the Prisoners' Dwellings
536
1
Search and Seizures of the Prisoners' Bodies
536
1
Interference with Prisoner Communication
537
1
The Nominal Doctrine: A Return to Hands Off?
538
2
Prisoners' Rights in Other Countries
540
5
Rights Retained and Rights Lost
540
1
Control of Prisons and Prison Conditions
541
1
Political Control of Prisons
541
1
Judicial Control of Prisons
541
3
Civilian Control of Prisons
544
1
Victims' Rights
545
4
Victim Participation in Sentencing
547
1
Victim Services in Corrections
548
1
Summary
549
2
Key Terms and Concepts
551
1
Discussion Questions
551
2
Nothing Works-Something Works
553
36
The Nothing-Works Controversy
555
2
The Nothing-Works Position
555
1
The Something-Works Position
556
1
The Deterrence Rationale
557
7
Lessons from the Deterrence Research
557
3
Shock Incarceration as a Deterrent
560
1
System-Level Goals of Boot Camps
560
2
Individual-Level Goals of Boot Camps
562
2
Summary of Research on Boot Camps
564
1
The Incapacitation Rationale
564
4
Incapacitation through Community Restraints
567
1
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring
567
1
Intensive Probation/Parole Supervision
567
1
Does Semi-Incapacitation Present Acceptable Risk?
568
1
The Restoration/Retribution Rationales
568
5
Restorative and Community Justice
568
2
Restitution and Juvenile Recidivism
570
1
Do Restorative and Community Justice Programs Work?
571
2
The Rehabilitation Rationale
573
8
Meta-Analyses Supporting the Rehabilitation Rationale
573
2
Specific Programs Supporting the Rehabilitation Rationale
575
1
Finding a Job
576
2
The Drug War Becomes Drug Treatment
578
3
Social Support and Correctional Sanctions
581
4
Corrections in Angry Times
581
2
The Myth of an Angry Public
583
2
Wrapping Things Up
585
1
Summary
586
2
Key Terms and Concepts
588
1
Discussion Questions
588
1
Glossary
589
12
References
601
18
Table of Cases
619
2
Name Index
621
4
Subject Index
625