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Tables of Contents for The Elements of Reasoning
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xi
Reasoning: Are You For It or Against It?
1
20
The Powers of Reasoning
1
1
Elemental Questions
2
1
Pluto and Plato
3
4
Fine Language and Geometry
7
3
Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
10
1
The End of Reasoning
11
2
Internal and External Reasoning: An Example
13
3
Rhetorical Inventions: Beyond ``For or Against''
16
2
Reasoning Practice
18
3
Invention: Places, Paths, and Structures of Reasoning
21
28
An Introduction to the Specific Elements
21
2
Places of Reasoning: Topoi
23
3
Paths of Reasoning: The Stases
26
6
Structures of Reasoning
32
14
Induction and the Example
33
4
Deduction and the Enthymeme
37
4
Missing Premises and From Whom They Are Missing
41
2
Toulmin: The Enthymeme Unfurled
43
3
From Invention to Judgment
46
1
Stases and Time
46
1
Reasoning Practice
47
2
Conjectures: Places to Begin
49
20
The Primary Stasis
49
2
A Trove of Conjectural Claims
51
4
How to Spot a Conjectural Claim
55
1
Three Types of Conjectural Claims
56
10
Observations
56
2
Expressions
58
3
Narratives
61
5
Reasoning Practice
66
3
Definitions: They Can Change Everything
69
14
Rhetoric and Definitions
69
2
Dictionary Definitions
71
1
Neologisms
72
1
Stipulative Definitions
72
2
Specific Means of Defining
74
6
Synonym
74
1
Etymology
74
1
Description
75
1
Analysis
76
1
Classification
76
2
The Negative
78
1
Metaphor and Simile
78
2
Reasoning Practice
80
3
Causes and Consequences: A Sense of How the World Works
83
12
How Could This Happen?
83
2
Reasoning from Effect to Cause
85
1
Reasoning from Cause to Effect
86
1
Antecedence-Subsequence
87
1
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
87
1
Chance as a Causal Factor
88
1
Chance and Causality, Myth and Cosmology
89
1
Some Guidelines for Causal Reasoning
90
3
Causality and the Ends of Reasoning
93
1
Reasoning Practice
93
2
Values: Judgments Grounded in Nature and Consequences
95
16
Criteria
97
2
Supporting Value Claims: Nature and Consequences
99
1
One Example of Claims about Value: Music
99
2
Another Example: Family Farms
101
6
Weighting Criteria
107
1
Guidelines for Reasoning about Values
107
2
Reasoning Practice
109
2
Procedures and Proposals: Actualizing the potential for Change
111
10
Ready?
111
1
``Houston: We Have a Problem''
112
2
A Modest Proposal
114
2
Feasibility, Plausibility, Credibility
116
2
Guidelines for Reasoning about Procedures and Proposals
118
1
Reasoning Practice
119
2
Becoming a Citizen Critic: Where Rhetoric Meets the Road
121
18
Diversions of Reasoning
124
6
Overgeneralizing
124
1
Begging the Question
125
1
Personal Attacks
125
1
WYSIWYG
126
1
False Analogy
126
1
Pandering
127
1
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
127
1
Faulty Use of Authority
127
1
Red Herring
127
1
Equivocation
128
1
False Dilemma
128
1
Slippery Slope
129
1
Straw Man
129
1
Scapegoating
129
1
Spectator Culture, Consumer Culture, Democratic Culture
130
2
Reasoning to Invoke Citizen Critics
132
1
What Is a Citizen? And a Citizen of What?
133
2
The Enthymemes of This Book
135
1
Reasoning Practice
136
3
Index
139