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Tables of Contents for Religions in Practice
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xi
1 Elements and Theories of Religion
1
20
Defining "Religion"
3
3
Three Approaches to Religion
6
9
Religion as Intellectual Activity
6
2
Religion in Society: I. Durkheim
8
3
Religion in Society: II. Marx and Weber
11
2
Religion and Emotions
13
2
Religions in Practice
15
6
Victor Turner on Symbols and Ritual
16
1
Claude Levi-Strauss and the Structural Study of Myth
17
1
Clifford Geertz and the Diversity of Religious Ideas
18
1
Practices, Contexts, Diversity
18
3
2 Doctrine and Practice in Tension
21
20
Changing Western Ideas of Religion
21
6
Religion as a "Belief System"
22
1
Other Religions, Other Models
23
2
Imposed Definitions of "Religion"
25
1
Wana Practices and Indonesian Definitions
26
1
Combining Religious Practices in Japan
27
11
Practice and "Belief"
28
1
Shinto and Spirits
29
1
Spirits and Social Change
30
2
Buddhism and Souls
32
2
The State and Religion
34
4
From Practice to Doctrine in Islamic Law
38
3
3 Transitions in Life and Death
41
26
Sequence and the Liminal Stage of Rituals
42
2
Reshaping, Reversing, Communitas
43
1
The Creation of Life and Fertility
44
6
Producing Men and Women
44
1
Regenerating Life from Death
45
1
Asmat Headhunting and Birth through Death
46
3
Secondary Burial
49
1
Grief, Fear, and Ritual
50
6
Ritual and Emotions
50
1
Is Grief Universal?
51
1
Emotions and Their Expressions
52
1
Initiation, Secrecy, and Fear
53
1
Hopi Whipping and Disenchantment
54
1
New Guinea Traumas and Homosexuality
54
2
Representing and Creating the Social Order
56
4
Gender Differentiation and Initiation
56
1
The Bar and Bat Mitzvah
57
1
Death Ritual and the Social Order
57
1
From Spirit to Household God in Japan
58
2
Debates about Death; Debates about Life
60
7
Teaching the Soul
61
2
Chanting for the Sake of the Spirit
63
2
Catholic Masses for the Dead
65
2
4 Extending Our Powers: "Magic" and Healing
67
15
Understanding "Magic"
68
3
Likeness and Contact
68
1
Magic and Anxiety
69
1
Crop Magic and Change in the United States
70
1
Healing and Culture
71
2
Giving Birth in Panama and Malaysia
71
1
Faith and Healing in Christian Science
72
1
Trance, Possession, and Healing
73
3
Afro-Brazilian Trances
74
1
Shared Healing in Southern Africa
74
2
Modern Magic in Japanese New Religions
76
6
Purification and Apocalypse
76
1
Amulets and Ancestors
77
2
Trance Psychology
79
1
Who Joins the New Religions?
80
1
Magic and Religion
81
1
5 Explaining Misfortune: Witchcraft and Sorcery
82
19
Religion and Explanation
82
3
Karma in South Asia
83
1
Suffering as Part of God's Plan
84
1
Sorcery as a Focus on Practitioners
85
2
Southeast Asian Neutral Practitioners
85
1
Sorcery and Leadership in Melanesia
86
1
Distrust and Navajo Sorcery
87
1
Witchcraft and Moral Accounts of Misfortune
87
2
Witchcraft as a Characteristic of the Individual
89
5
Azande Ideas of Bodily Substance
89
1
Explaining Misfortune
90
2
Consulting Oracles
92
1
African Witchcraft and Social Change
93
1
Witchcraft as Satan versus God
94
7
New England Puritans
94
1
Evil and Accusations
95
1
The Salem Outbreak of 1692
96
2
Salem and Disruption of the Moral Community
98
1
Evidence and Confessions
99
2
6 Sacrifice Contested
101
24
The Logic of Sacrifice
102
2
Nuer Cows and Cucumbers
102
1
Kwaio Sacrifice to Ancestors
103
1
Sacrifice and Society
104
8
Torajan Buffalo Sacrifice and Social Mobility
104
1
The Islamic Feast of Sacrifice
105
1
Gayo Observances
106
2
Objections to Ritual Efficacy
108
2
Issues of Comparison
110
1
Moroccan Muslim Sacrifice: Reaffirming Male Dominance
111
1
Other Moroccan Forms of the Sacrifice Ritual
111
1
Movements away from Sacrifice
112
13
Judaic Sacrifice and the Rise of Law
113
2
Sacrifice and Offerings in Hinduism
115
2
Sacrifice Contested
117
2
The Roots of Indian Sacrifice
119
1
Vegetable Offerings
120
3
Reform and Devotional Movements
123
2
7 Prohibitions and Boundaries
125
17
Taboos, Eating, and Social Inequality
126
4
Hawaiian Taboo and Captain Cook
127
2
Purity and Pollution in India
129
1
Taboos and Community in Judaism
130
10
The Prohibitions of Leviticus
130
1
Explanation I: Purity and Danger
131
1
Explanation II: Ecology and Survival
132
1
Passover and History
133
1
Ritual Life Today
134
2
Movable Boundaries
136
1
The Lubavitchers of Brooklyn
137
1
A Fundamentalist Christian Parallel
138
1
What Is the "Jewish Community"?
139
1
Muslim Comparisons: Whom Should You Marry?
140
2
8 Objects, Images, and Worship
142
28
Conveying Meaning through Symbols
142
2
Embodying Deities
144
1
Masks in West Africa
144
4
Relics and Images in Catholicism
148
5
The History of Relics and the Host
148
2
Images versus Relics
150
1
A More Hierarchical Ritual
151
2
Christ Incarnate
153
1
Mary and Marys in European Societies
153
9
Marian Apparitions and Modern Life
155
2
Spanish Shrines
157
1
Many in One
158
1
A Japanese Comparison
159
1
Generalized Devotions
160
1
Jesus, Mary, and the Nation-State
161
1
Relics and Images in Buddhist Politics
162
1
Translating Religion across Cultures: Mary in the Americans
162
8
Two-Brothers Myths
163
1
The Virgin of Guadalupe
163
1
Guadalupe and Mexican Resistance to Spain
164
2
Africa to Brazil: The Role of Images
166
1
Umbanda in Rio
167
3
9 Sacred Speech and Divine Power
170
22
The Qur'an as Recitation of God's Speech
171
3
The Creative Power of Navajo Speech and Song
174
3
Speech and Grace in Protestant Churches
177
15
The Letter and the Spirit of Scripture
177
2
Quaker Speech and Silence
179
2
Political Challenge and Religious Change
181
2
Election and Signs
183
2
Singing and Certainty among U.S. Primitive Baptists
185
2
Two Models of Church Authority
187
1
Charismatic and Pentecostal Churches
188
4
10 Places and Pilgrims
192
19
Centers and Directions
192
3
Chinese Geomancy
194
1
Japanese Temples and Branches
194
1
Dimensions of Pilgrimage
195
1
The Pilgrimage to Mecca
196
8
Following the Footsteps of Muhammad
197
1
Rites of Separation
198
1
Moving in the Liminal State
199
2
The Central Events
201
1
Reintegration to Normal Life
201
2
How Is It Meaningful?
203
1
Contrasts in Pilgrimage from Japan and India
204
7
Circling Shikoku
204
3
Bathing at Benares
207
4
11 Religious Authority and Religious Movements
211
23
Saints as Exemplars and as Sources of Assistance
212
4
Acharn Man, a Buddhist Forest Dweller
213
1
Sathya Sai Baba, a Jet-Age Holy Man
214
2
Prophets and Social Change
216
3
The Problem of the Prophet's Continuity
216
2
The Birth of Prophecy in the Sudan
218
1
Revitalization Movements: Messiahs, Millennia, and Revivals
219
6
Land, Wealth, and Religious Visions
220
1
Maori Prophecies in New Zealand
221
1
"Cargo Cults" in Samoa and New Guinea
221
2
The Ghost Dance in North America
223
1
Christian Millenarian Movements in the United States
224
1
Mormon Prophecy and Authority
225
4
Joseph Smith, Prophet
225
2
The New Prophet and Conflicts with the United States
227
1
Authority and History Today
228
1
Muhammad and His Successors
229
5
Muhammad as Messenger and Prophet
230
1
Who Rules after Muhammad?
231
1
The Development of the Shi'i
231
1
Masters and Disciples in Sufi Orders
232
2
12 The Place of Religions in Modern Nation-States
234
23
Religious Nationalisms
235
5
Church and Nation in Poland
236
1
Hindu Nationalism in India
237
3
Religion and State Law
240
5
Gender and Marriage in Israel Jewish Law
241
2
Islamic Courts and Culture in Indonesia
243
2
Religious Minorities and Public Religions
245
3
Kwaio Strategies for Recognition
245
2
Protestants in the Pueblos
247
1
Catholics in China
248
1
Minority Religions in Europe: Toleration or Public Recognition?
248
3
French Secularism versus Headscarves in Schools
248
2
The National Church in Britain
250
1
The Crucifix in Bavaria
250
1
Religion, Nation, and State in the United States
251
6
Religion in the Early Centuries
252
1
Balancing Rights and Tradition in a Pluralistic Nation
253
4
References
257
8
Index
265