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Tables of Contents for Introductory Nuclear Physics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
1 The nucleus and its particles
3
168
1 Historical introduction
3
8
1.1 Lawyers of matter
3
3
1.2 The early history of nuclear and particle physics
6
3
1.3 Nuclear and particle physics in their maturity
9
2
2 Radioactivity
11
28
2.1 Discovery of natural and artificial radioactivity and the law of radioactive decay
11
5
2.2 Alpha-decay
16
1
2.3 Beta-decay
17
4
2.3.1 beta(-)-decay
17
3
2.3.2 beta(+)-decay
20
1
2.4 Gamma-decay, conversion electrons and isomeric transitions
21
1
2.5 Natural radioactive isotopes
22
4
2.6 Radioactive decay series
26
3
2.7 Build-up and decay of artificial radioactive isotopes
29
3
2.8 Units of radioactivity
32
2
2.9 The use of radioactivity in pure and applied research
34
3
Problems
37
2
3 The discovery of the nucleus
39
10
3.1 Rutherford's experiment
39
6
3.2 Units and definitions
45
2
Problems
47
2
4 Particle accelerators and neutron sources
49
25
4.1 Introduction
49
1
4.2 Types of accelerators
49
2
4.3 Fixed target accelerators
51
1
4.4 Electrostatic accelerators
52
3
4.5 Cyclic accelerators
55
10
4.5.1 The linear accelerator
55
2
4.5.2 The betatron
57
1
4.5.3 The cyclotron
58
4
4.5.4 The synchrocyclotron
62
1
4.5.5 The synchotron
63
2
4.6 Colliders
65
3
4.7 Neutron sources
68
3
Problems
71
3
5 Particle detectors
74
50
5.1 Introduction
74
1
5.2 Detectors which identify a particle or radiation through the signal they produce
74
37
5.2.1 Heavy charged particles
74
5
5.2.2 Specific ionization and range of a heavy particle
79
2
5.2.3 Electrons
81
3
5.2.4 Visual detectors
84
3
5.2.5 Charge-collecting gas detectors
87
3
5.2.6 Semiconductor detectors
90
5
5.2.7 Scintillators
95
1
5.2.8 Cerenkov radiation
96
2
5.2.9 Photons
98
6
5.2.10 Calorimeters
104
1
5.2.11 Neutral particles
105
6
5.3 Electromagnetic spectrometers
111
6
5.4 Activation detectors
117
2
Problems
119
5
6 Basic forces
124
6
6.1 Basic forces and subnuclear particles
124
2
6.2 Exchange character of basic forces
126
2
6.3 Strength of the basic forces
128
1
Problems
129
1
7 The leptons
130
17
7.1 Introduction
130
1
7.2 Evidence for the conservation of lepton number and of the lepton generation number
131
2
7.3 Observation of the electron neutrino and the electron anti-neutrino
133
1
7.4 Evidence for the different nature of neutrinos of the three lepton generations
134
2
7.5 Neutrino helicity
136
2
7.6 Neutrino mass
138
1
7.7 The solar neutrino problem
139
3
7.8 The W and Z gauge bosons
142
3
Problems
145
2
8 The hadrons
147
8
8.1 Baryons and mesons
147
1
8.2 Hadron quantum numbers
147
6
Problems
153
2
9 Quarks
155
16
9.1 The quarks
155
4
9.2 Hadron supermultiplets
159
4
9.3 Interaction potential between massive quarks
163
3
Problems
166
5
II Nuclear forces
171
96
10 The laws of invariance
171
31
10.1 The two-nucleon interaction
171
1
10.2 Conservation of energy
172
1
10.3 Conservation of linear momentum
172
1
10.4 Conservation of angular momentum
173
4
10.4.1 Conservation of orbital angular momentum
173
1
10.4.2 Spin and the conservation of the total angular momentum
174
3
10.5 Isotopic spin
177
8
10.5.1 The generalized Pauli principle
178
1
10.5.2 Majorana and Heisenberg exchange operators
179
1
10.5.3 Properties of the isospin operators
180
2
10.5.4 Charge symmetry of nuclear forces
182
1
10.5.5 Charge independence of nuclear forces
183
2
10.6 Conservation of parity
185
5
10.7 Charge conjugation
190
2
10.8 CP violation
192
2
10.9 Time reversal
194
3
10.10 The CPT theorem
197
2
Problems
199
3
11 Boson field theory and phenomenological potentials
202
9
11.1 Introduction
202
1
11.2 Pseudo-scalar field theory
203
2
11.3 Properties of the tensor interaction
205
1
11.4 Properties of OPEP for the two-nucleon system
206
1
11.5 Scalar and vector potentials
207
1
11.6 Phenomenological two-nucleon potentials
208
2
Problems
210
1
12 Few-nucleon systems
211
14
12.1 Introduction
211
1
12.2 The deuteron
211
8
12.3 Three-nucleon systems
219
3
12.4 The x-particle
222
1
Problems
223
2
13 The theory of scattering
225
17
13.1 Reference frames and transformation laws
225
2
13.2 The first-order Born approximation
227
3
13.3 The partial wave theory of elastic scattering
230
4
13.4 The second-order Born approximation
234
2
13.5 Scattering of spin 1/2 particles from a spin zero target
236
4
Problems
240
2
14 Nucleon-nucleon scattering
242
25
14.1 The nucleon-nucleon interaction
242
3
14.2 Low energy neutron-proton scattering
245
3
14.3 Scattering of neutrons by ortho- and para-hydrogen
248
2
14.4 Effective range theory
250
2
14.5 Low energy proton-proton scattering
252
2
14.6 Nucleon-nucleon scattering at high energies
254
9
Problems
263
4
III Nuclear structure
267
150
15 Nuclear systematics
267
22
15.1 Types of nuclei
267
3
15.2 Nuclear masses and energies
270
4
15.3 Nuclear charge and matter distributions
274
6
15.4 Nuclear deformation
280
5
Problems
285
4
16 Nuclear properties
289
25
16.1 Nuclear states and nuclear structure
289
5
16.2 Nuclear spin and isospin
294
3
16.2.1 Spin
294
2
16.2.2 Isospin
296
1
16.3 Nuclear states and level densities
297
7
16.4 Clustering in nuclei
304
2
16.5 Nuclear matter
306
2
16.6 Hypernuclei
308
4
Problems
312
2
17 Nuclear models
314
55
17.1 Types of nuclear models
314
1
17.2 Early nuclear models
315
2
17.3 The Fermi gas model
317
4
17.4 The shell model
321
15
17.5 The rotational model
336
13
17.6 The vibrational model
349
7
17.7 The Nilsson model
356
1
17.8 The x-particle model
356
3
17.9 The interacting boson model
359
2
Problems
361
8
18 Nuclear decay
369
48
18.1 Introduction
369
2
18.2 Alpha-decay
371
6
18.3 Beta-decay
377
11
18.3.1 The Fermi theory of beta-decay
379
4
18.3.2 Selection rules
383
1
18.3.3 The neutrino mass
384
3
18.3.4 Double beta-decay
387
1
18.4 Gamma-decay
388
9
18.4.1 Energetics
388
1
18.4.2 Classical electromagnetic theory
389
2
18.4.3 Transition to quantum mechanics
391
1
18.4.4 Weisskopf units
392
1
18.4.5 Selection rules
393
1
18.4.6 Angular distribution measurements
394
1
18.4.7 Internal conversion
395
1
18.4.8 The Mossbauer effect
396
1
18.5 Fission
397
8
18.6 Cluster decay
405
2
Problems
407
10
IV Nuclear reactions
417
128
19 General features of nuclear reactions
417
8
19.1 Experimental methods
417
1
19.2 Reaction mechanisms
418
5
Problems
423
2
20 Direct reactions
425
30
20.1 Introduction
425
1
20.2 The optical model of elastic scattering
425
10
20.3 The theory of transitions
435
3
20.4 Inelastic scattering
438
2
20.5 Charge-exchange reactions
440
1
20.6 Nucleon transfer reactions
441
7
20.7 Break-up and knock-out reactions
448
3
Problems
451
4
21 Compound nucleus reactions
455
33
21.1 The compound nucleus hypothesis
455
2
21.2 Slow neutron resonances and the Breit-Wigner theory
457
4
21.3 The optical model description of the average cross-sections
461
2
21.4 The strength function
463
2
21.5 Higher energy processes: the Weisskopf-Ewing and Hauser-Feshbach theories
465
11
21.5.1 The Weisskopf-Ewing theory
465
6
21.5.2 The Hauser and Feshbach theory
471
3
21.5.3 Semiclassical approximations for the angular distributions
474
2
21.6 Fluctuations of statistical reaction cross-sections
476
4
21.7 Photonuclear reactions
480
3
Problems
483
5
22 Pre-equilibrium reactions
488
18
22.1 Types of nuclear reactions
488
1
22.2 Elastic scattering
488
1
22.3 Inelastic scattering and nucleon transfer reactions
489
1
22.4 Pre-equilibrium reactions
489
15
22.4.1 The exciton model
494
3
22.4.2 The theory of Feshbach, Kerman and Koonin
497
4
22.4.3 Monte Carlo calculations
501
3
Problems
504
2
23 Heavy-ion reactions
506
39
23.1 Introduction
506
5
23.2 Fusion reactions
511
12
23.2.1 Fusion cross-section
511
5
23.2.2 Thermalization of the composite nucleus
516
4
23.2.3 Evaporation from equilibrated nuclei
520
3
23.3 Projectile break-up and incomplete fusion reactions
523
5
23.4 Deep inelastic collisions
528
3
23.5 Peripheral and distant collisions
531
6
23.5.1 Elastic and inelastic scattering
531
4
23.5.2 Nucleon transfer reactions
535
2
23.6 Interaction of relativistic heavy ions
537
4
Problems
541
4
V Applications
545
40
24 Nuclear reactors
545
17
24.1 Introduction
545
1
24.2 Fission reactors
546
7
24.2.1 Thermal reactors
547
5
24.2.2 Fast reactors
552
1
24.3 Fusion reactors
553
6
24.2.1 MCF reactors
556
2
24.3.2 ICF reactors
558
1
24.4 Muon catalysed fusion
559
1
24.5 Concluding remarks
560
1
Problems
561
1
25 Cosmology and nuclear astrophysics
562
23
25.1 Introduction
562
1
25.2 Cosmology and the Big Bang theory
562
4
25.3 Evolution of the primordial universe
566
3
25.4 Primordial nucleosynthesis
569
2
25.5 Nucleosynthesis and energy production in stars
571
5
25.6 Nucleosynthesis of nuclei with A greater than equal to 60
576
1
25.7 Star evolution
577
3
Problems
580
5
Appendices
585
126
1 The composition of angular momenta
585
6
2 The S matrix
591
5
3 Physical constants
596
4
3.1 Frequently used nuclear constants
596
1
3.2 Fundamental constants
597
3
4 Table of masses and isotopes
600
73
5 Brief outline of the weak interaction theory
673
4
Chapter bibliographies
677
31
General bibliography
708
3
Author index
711
4
Subject index
715