List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Notes on the Authors

Note on the Translation

Abbreviations

Glossary of Foreign Terms

Introduction

PART I Towards Continental Dominion

Hans Umbreit

Plans for the Administration of Occupied Territories Before the Outbreak of War

Stages in the Territorial `New Order' in Europe

Germany's Expansion by `Peaceful' and Warlike Means

Austria

Sudetenland

Bohemia and Moravia

Poland

Denmark

Norway

Western Europe: Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Belgium, France

Yugoslavia and Greece

The Occupied Soviet Territories

Structures of the German Sphere of Power

Lack of Uniformity in Administration

Hitler's Europe

The Preferred `New Order': Territories Annexed De Jure and De Facto

Administration and Safeguarding of the German Sphere of Power

Direct Exercise of Rule and Supervisory Administration

Legislation and Jurisdiction

Securing the Occupied Territories by Police and Military Means

The Exploitation of the Occupied Territories

The Economic `New Order'

Pillage and Methodical Exploitation

Attainment of Financial Advantage

Recruitment of Labour

German Rule in the Occupied Territories: Pretensions and Reality

The `Master Race' and `Ethnic Aliens': German Racial Policy

Ethnic Germans

Slavs

Prisoners of War

Refugees

Jews

German Propaganda in the Occupied Territories

Aspirations towards Cultural Hegemony

Material Hardships and Hunger

Collaboration and Resistance

PART II The Mobilization of the German Economy for Hitler's War Aims

Rolf-Dieter Muller

Preparations for Total War

Improvisation in Lieu of Planning: The `Transitional Economy'

The Abortive Mobilization of September 1939

The Claim to Military Primacy

Curbed Reorientation and the Decentralization of Industrial Production

Polycentrism as a Product of Indecision in the National Socialist Regime

Initial Effects and Consequences of the Blockade

The Organization of Wartime Foreign Trade and the Inception of Economic Warfare

The `Food War'

Makeshift Solutions in Spring 1940

The `Ammunition Crisis': Renewed Mobilization Efforts and Administrative Compromises

The Allocation of Raw Materials as a Means of Controlling Armaments

Coal

Petroleum

Iron and Steel

The First Closure Campaign

Todt in the Ascendant

The Formation of the Reich Ministry for Arms and Ammunition

The Victor's Hubris: Germany Loses its Lead in Armaments After the French Campaign

Mobilization Discontinued Once More

Adjustment to a Postwar Economy

Continental Europe in the Service of the German War Economy

The Reorientation of Arms Manufacture: Shortages and Priorities

The Crippling of Armaments Production

The Struggle for Control of the Armaments Industry

The Second Closure Campaign: Intensified Mobilization in Favour of Armaments Begins in Spring 1941

Hitler Turns East

The Road Into Crisis

Todt's Initiative in the Summer of 1941

Readjustment to a `War of Endurance'?

The New Redirection of Armaments in July 1941

Upheavals in the Domestic Economy

Limits of Economic Expansion

Waiting for a Solution

Goring's Last Appearance as Economic Dictator

Starting-point for Armaments in 1942

Beginnings of a Reorganization of the War Economy at the Turn of 1941/1942

The Search for New Outlooks

The End of the Military Command Economy

From Todt to Speer

PART III The Manpower Resources of the Third Reich in the Area of Conflict between Wehrmacht, Bureaucracy, and War Economy, 1939--1942

Bernhard R. Kroener

Introduction: Blitzkrieg Strategy and Blitzkrieg Economy: The Genesis of a Concept

Organization and Implementation of Military Mobilization

Population Distribution in Wartime: The Lessons of the First World War

The Creation of `Combat-readiness' in the Summer of 1939

The Mobilization of the Wehrmacht

Army

Navy

Luftwaffe

SS Militarized Formations

Reinforced Police Guards

The Wehrmacht Manpower Situation at the Outbreak of War

Replacement of Other Ranks

The Situation regarding Replacement of Non-commissioned Officers

The Officer Corps

`Man Management': Population Distribution in the Area of Tension Between Wehrmacht and War Economy (September 1939--June 1941)

Organizational Structure and Method of Operation of the Military Replacement System

Controlling the Manpower Requirements of the War Economy

Tensions between Full Employment and the Formation of Military Reserves

Experience Gained from the Partial Mobilizations of 1938

Conflicts of Authority over Labour Manpower Control on the Eve of the Attack on Poland

The Process of Industrial Mobilization

Changes in the Employment Situation between September 1939 and June 1941

Manpower Exchange between Home and Forces:

The reserved occupation procedure (Uk-Verfahren)

The release of skilled workers in understaffed occupations (FM-Verfahren)

The Deployment of Manpower in the Territory of the Reich

Employment of Women

Prisoners of War and Foreign Workers

Socio-political Measures and Labour Discipline

Results of the Stocktaking of Industrial Manpower of 31 May 1940

The `Armaments Swerve', June--September 1940

The Development of the Employment Situation between the Fuhrer Order of 28 September 1940 and the Attack on the Soviet Union

The Balance of Forces of the National Economy on 31 May 1941: Human Balance Sheet' and War Statistics

The Development of Military Manpower Control up to the Summer of 1941

The `Ammunition Crisis' and the French Campaign (September 1939--June 1940): Changes in the Personnel Framework and Structure of the Wehrmacht up to the Summer of 1940

New Army Formations up to the Beginning of the French Campaign

Release of Men with First World War Experience

The Qualitative Status of the Army in the Spring of 1940

From SS Militarized Formation to Waffen-SS

From `Sea Lion' to `Barbarossa': The Restructuring of the Wehrmacht between the French Campaign and the Attack on the Soviet Union

Demobilization Projects in June 1940

The Quantitative Changes in the Wehrmacht between May and August 1940

The Manpower Equipment of the Wehrmacht for the War in Eastern Europe, September 1940--June 1941

The Situation regarding Replacement of Officers and Non-commissioned Officers in the Winter of 1940--1941

The Origin of the Fuhrer Order of 20 December 1940

Recall of Soldiers on Leave in Industry

Plans for Army Reorganization after Barbarossa

The Winter Crisis of 1941--1942: The Distribution of Scarcity or Steps Towards a More Rational Management of Personnel

Inside View of a Crisis

The Direction of Military Personnel from the Outbreak of the War in the East until the Winter Crisis of 1941--1942

The Problem of Large-scale Casualties

Measures to Replenish and Extend the Replacement Army

Structural Changes in the Army Officer Corps

Personnel Developments in the Luftwaffe up to the Autumn of 1941

Crisis Management: The Wehrmacht Leadership and Overcoming the Winter Crisis

The Distribution of Scarcity

The Struggle of the Wehrmacht Services for Manpower between Summer 1941 and Spring 1942

Measures to Ensure the Required Wehrmacht Replacements in the Second Half of 1941

The Quantitative Development of the Labour Supply in the Armaments Industry between July 1941 and July 1942

The development of the reserved occupation system May 1941--May 1942

Measures to transfer German and foreign workers and prisoners of war into the armaments industry

Food Supply and Health Levels of German Workers 1941--1942 and Measures to Ensure Work Discipline

The Balance Sheet of the Crisis

Strength and Losses of the Army and the Other Wehrmacht Services, June 1941--April 1942

The Study `Combat Strength 42' and the Personnel Situation of the Wehrmacht on the Eve of the 1942 Summer Offensive (Army and Luftwaffe)

World-power Ideas between Steam Trawlers and Aircraft-carriers: Conceptions and Reality in the Direction of Personnel in the Navy, 1939--1942

Overall and Regional Distribution of Men Liable for Military Service to the Wehrmacht and the Economy in the Third Year of War; Losses by Year-group, 1939--1945

Blitzkrieg or Total War? Ideological and Political-Military Implications of the Reaction to the Trauma of the First World War

Conclusion

Bernhard R. Kroener

Rolf-Dieter Muller

Hans Umbreit

Bibliography

Index of Persons